Eficiencia de la cooperación empresarial en un sector maduro de baja intensidad tecnológica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rcyt.2009.7713Palabras clave:
acuerdos cooperativos, sector agroalimentario español, confianza, reputación, éxitoResumen
En un entorno globalizado las empresas tratar de aumentar su nivel de competitividad para garantizar su supervivencia. Este objetivo se puede alcanzar con el desarrollo de acuerdos cooperativos. Se analizará dicha estrategia desde el enfoque del capital social, ya que consideramos que la interacción entre los socios es clave en la determinación de la eficiencia cooperativa. El objetivo es analizar la influencia en el éxito cooperativo de cuatro variables significativas en estudios empíricos previos: a) variables a priori: reputación del socio y experiencia previa; y b) variables de proceso: confianza y comportamiento cooperativo. Habitualmente, la investigación en cooperación se centra en sectores altamente tecnológicos, ya que presentan características que potencian la aparición de sus ventajas. La principal contribución de este trabajo es el análisis de dicha estrategia en un sector maduro no intensivo en tecnología como es el sector agroalimentario español.
Descargas
Citas
Albisu, L. M. y Gracia, A. [2002]: «La industria agroalimentaria española ante la ampliación de la UE», Economía Industrial, n.º 344, 99-110.
Anand, B. N. y Khanna, T. [2000]: «Do Firms Learn To Create Value? The Case of Alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, 295-315.
Anderson, E. [1990]: «Two Firms, One Frontier: On Assessing Joint Venture Performance», Sloan Management Review, Vol. 31 (2), 19-30.
Arend, R. J. [2006]: «SME-Supplier Alliance Activity in Manufacturing: Contingent Benefits and Perceptions», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 27, págs. 741-763.
Ariño, A. [2003]: «Measures of Strategic Alliance Performance: An Analysis of Construct Validity», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 34 (1), 66-79.
Ariño, A. y De la Torre, J. [1998]: «Learning from Failure: Towards an Evolutionary Model of Collaborative Ventures», Organization Science, Vol. 9 (3), 306-325.
Armstrong, J. S. y Overton, T. S. [1977]: «Estimating Non Response Bias in Mail Surveys», Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 14 (agosto), 396-402.
Aulakh, P.; Kotabe, M. y Sahay, A. [1996]: «Trust and Performance in Cross-Border Marketing Partnerships: A Behavioral Approach», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 27 (5), 1.005-1.032.
Axelrod, R. [1984]: The Evolution of Cooperation, W. W. Norton, Nueva York.
Barney, J. B. [1991]: «Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage», Journal of Management, Vol. 17, 99-120.
Base de Datos SABI, Bureau Van Dijk Electronic Publishing, en http://www.uclm.es
Bell, G. [2005]: «Clusters, Networks, and Firm Innovativeness», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, 287-295.
Boston Consulting Firm [1970]: Perspectives on Experience, Boston Consulting Group, Boston.
Buckley, P. J. y Casson, M. [1988]: «A Theory of Co-operation in International Business», en Contractor, F.J. y Lorange, P., Co-operative Strategies in International Business, Lexington Books.
Burt, R. S. [1992]: «Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition», Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Casson, M. [1995]: The Organization of International Business: Studies in the Economics of Trust, Edward Elgar, Aldershot.
Child, J. y Faulkner, D. [2002]: Strategies of Cooperation. Managing Alliances, Networks and Joint Ventures, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chiles, T. H. y McMackin, J.F. [1996]: «Integrating Variable Risk Preferences, Trust, and Transaction Cost Economics», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21, 73-99.
Chung, A. S.; Singh, H. y Lee, K. [2000]: «Complementarity, Status Similarity and Social Capital as Drivers of Alliance Formation», Strategic Management Journal, n.º 21, 1-22.
Colombo, M. G. [2003]: «Alliance Form: A Test of the Contractual and Competence Perspectives», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, 1.209-1.229.
Cravens, D. W.; Shipp, S. y Cravens, K. S. [1993]: «Analysis of Co-operative Interorganizational Relationships, Strategic Alliance Formation, and Strategic Alliance Effectiveness», Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 1 (1), 55-70.
Cruz, I.; Rebollo, A. y Yagüe, M. J. [2003]: «Concentración y competencia en los canales de distribución de productos alimenticios», Papeles de Economía Española, n.º 96, 112-133.
Dacin, M. T.; Oliver, C. y Roy, J. P. [2007]: «The Legitimacy of Strategic Alliances: An Institutional Perspective», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 (3), 169-187.
Das, T. K. [2006]: «Strategic Alliance Temporalities and Partner Opportunism», British Journal of Management, Vol. 17, 1-21.
Das, T. K. y Teng B. S. [1998]: «Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 (3), 491-512.
– [2000]: «Instabilities of Strategic Alliances: An Internal Tensions Perspective», Organization Science, Vol. 11 (1), 77-101.
De la Jara, F. [2001]: «Investigación e innovación: nuevas propuestas de transferencia tecnológica», Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, INIA.
Doz, Y. [1996]: «The Evolution of Cooperation in Strategic Alliance: Initial Condition or Learning Processes?», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17 (Special Issue), 55-83.
Duren, E.; Howard, W. y McKay, H. [1994]: «Creating Vertical Strategic Alliances: Theory and Cases from Canada´s Agri-Food Sector», Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 42 (4), 577-582.
Dussauge, P. y Garrette, B. [1991]: «Alliances Stratègiques, Mode D´emploi», Revue Française de Gestion, septiembre-octubre, 4-18.
– [1995]: «Determinants of Success in International Strategic Alliances: Evidence from the Global Aerospace Industry», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 26 (3), 505-530.
Duysters, G. y Hagedoorn, J. [1995]: «International Technological Collaboration: Implications for Nies», en Kim, L. y Nelson, R. R. en Technological Learning an Economic Development: The Experience of the Asian Newly Industrialized Countries, Cambridge University Press, 193-215.
Dyer, J. H. [1997]: «Effective Interfirm Collaboration: How Transactors Minimize Transaction Costs and Maximice Transaction Value», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18 (7), 535-556.
Dyer, J. H. y Singh, H. [1998]: «The Relational View: Cooperative Strategies and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 (4), 660-679.
Eisenhardt, K. M. y Schoonhoven, C. B. [1996]: «Resource-Based View of Strategic Alliance Formation: Strategic and Social Effects in Entrepreneurial Firms», Organization Science, Vol. 7 (2), 136-150.
Ellis, H. C. [1965]: The Transfer of Learning, MacMillan, Nueva York.
Escribá, A. y Menguzzato, M. [1999]: «Determinantes y efectos del comportamiento cooperativo de los socios en las alianzas entre empresas», Revista ICADE, Vol. 48, 25-43.
España 30000 [2005]: Fomento de la Producción.
Gambetta, D. [1988]: «Can We Trust?» en D. Gambetta (ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Blackwell, 213-237, London.
García Canal, E. [1992]: «La cooperación interempresarial en España: características de los acuerdos suscritos entre 1986 y 1989», Economía Industrial, n.º 314, 113-122.
– [1996]: «Contractual Form in Domestic and International Strategic Alliances», Organization Studies, Vol. 17 (5), 773-794.
Geringer, J. M. y Hebert, L. [1991]: «Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22 (2), 253-267.
Glaister, K. W. y Buckley, P. J. [1998]: «Measures of Performance in UK International Alliances», Organization Studies, Vol. 19 (1), 89-118.
Goerzen, A. y Beamish, P. W. [2005]: «The Effect of Alliance Network Diversity on Multinational Enterprise Performance», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, 333-354.
Granovetter, M. [1973]: «The Strength of Weak Ties», American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, 1.360-1.380.
Gulati, R. [1995]: «Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, 85-112.
– [1998]: «Alliances and Networks», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, 293-317.
– [1999]: «Network Location and Learning: the Influence of Network Resources and Firm Capabilities on Alliance Formation», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, 397-420.
Gulati, R. y Higgins, M. C. [2003]: «Which Ties Matter When? The Contingent Effects of Interorganizational Partnerships on IPO Success», Strategic Management Journal, n.º 24, 127-144.
Gulati, R. y Singh, H. [1998]: «The Architecture of Cooperation: Managing Coordination Costs and Appropiation Concerns in Strategic Alliances», Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 43, 781-814.
Gulati, R.; Nohria, N. y Zaheer, L. [2000]: «Strategic Networks», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, 203-215.
Hagedoorn, J. [1993]: «Understanding the Rationale of Strategic Technology Partnering: Interorganizational Modes of Cooperation and Sectorial Differences», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14, 371-385.
Hagedoorn, J. y Schakenraad, J. [1994]: «The Effect of Strategic Technology Alliances on Company Performance», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, 291-309.
Hagedoorn, J; Roijakkers, N. y Van Kranenburg, H. [2006]: «Inter-Firm R&D Networks: the Importante of Strategic Networks Capabilities for High-Tech Partnership Formation», British Journal of Management, Vol. 17, 39-53.
Hamel, G. [1991]: «Competition for Competence and Interpartner Learning within International Strategic Alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, 83-103.
Han, S. L. [1991]: «Antecedents of Buyer-Seller Long Term Relationship: an Exploratory Model of Structural Bonding and Social Bonding», Tesis Doctoral, Departamento de Marketing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Heide, J. y Miner, A. [1992]: «The Shadow of the Future: Effects of Anticipated Interaction and Frequency of Contact on Buyer-Seller Cooperation», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 35, 265-291.
Hoang, H. y Rothaermel, F. T. [2005]: «The Effect of General and Partner-Specific Alliance Experience on Joint R&D Project Performance», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48 (2), 332-345.
INE [2007]: Directorio Central de Empresas (http://www.ine.es/12-02-2007 ).
Inkpen, A. C. [1998]: «Learning, Knowledge Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances», European Management Journal, Vol. 16 (2), 223-229.
– [2004]: «Strategic Alliances» en Hitt, M.; Ireland, R y Harrison, J., Strategic and Performance: Achieving Competitive Advantage in Global Market Place, Palgrave, 409-431.
Inkpen, A. C. y Beamish, P. W. [1997]: «Knowledge, Bargaining Power, and the Instability of International Joint Ventures», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22 (1), 177-202.
Inkpen, A. C. y Tsang, E. W. [2005]: «Social Capital, Networks, and Knowledge Transfer», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 30 (1), 146-165.
Kale, P.; Singh, H. y Perlmutter, H. [2000]: «Learning and Protection of Proprietary Assets in Strategic Alliances: Building Relational Capital», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, 217-237.
Kale, P.; Dyer, J. y Singh, H. [2002]: «Alliance Capability, Stock Market Response and Long-Term Alliance Success: The Role of the Alliance Function», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23, 747-767.
Khanna, T.; Gulati, R. y Nohria, N. [1998]: «The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19, 193-210.
Killing, J. P. [1983]: Strategies for Joint Venture Success, Praeger, New York.
Kogut, B. [1988]: «Joint-Ventures Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9, 319-322.
Kogut, B. y Singh, H. [1988]: «Entering the US by Joint Venture: Competitive Rivalry and Industry Structure», en Contractor, F. J. y Lorange, P. (eds.), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, Lexington Books, 169-240, Lexington.
Kogut, B. y Zander, U. [1992]: «Knowledge of the Firms, Combinative Capabilities and the Replication of Technology», Organization Science, Vol. 3 (3), 383-397.
Koka, B. R. y Prescott, J. E. [2002]: «Strategic Alliances as Social Capital: a Multidimensional View», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19 (5), 461-477.
Koza, M. P. y Lewin, A. Y. [1998]: «The Co-Evolution of Strategic Alliances», Organization Science, Vol. 9 (3), 255-264.
Kumar, N.; Stern, L. W. y Anderson, J. C. [1993]: «Conducting Interorganizational Research Using Key Informants», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 (6), 1633-1651.
Kumar, R. y Nti, K. O. [1998]: «Differential Learning and Interaction in Alliance Dynamics: a Process and Outcome Discrepancy Model», Organization Science, Vol. 9 (3), 356-367.
Lane, P. J. y Lubatkin, M. [1998]: «Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19 (5), 461-477.
Lundan, S. y Hagedoorn, J. [2001]: «Alliances, Acquisitions and Multinational Advantage», International Journal of the Economics of Business, Vol. 8 (2), 229-242.
Luo, Y. [2002]: «Contract, Cooperation, and Performance in International Joint Ventures», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23, 903-919.
– [2007]: «Are Joint Venture Partners More Opportunistic in a More Volatile Environment?», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 (1), 39-60.
Madhoc, A. [1995]: «Revisiting Multinational Firms´ Tolerance for Joint Ventures: A Trust-Based Approach», Journal of International Business Studies, First Quarter, 117-137.
– [2002]: «Reassessing the Fundamentals and Beyond: Ronald Coase, the Transaction Cost and Resource-Based Theories of the Firm and the Institutional Structure of Production», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 23, págs. 535-550.
Menguzzato, M. [1992]: «La cooperación: una alternativa para la empresa de los 90», Revista de Organización y Dirección, octubre-noviembre, 54-62
Mockler, R. J. [2000]: Multinational Strategic Alliances, John Wiley and Sons.
Mohr, J. y Spekman, R. [1994]: «Characteristics of Partnership Success: Partnership Attributes, Communication, Behavior, and Conflict Resolution Techniques», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, 135-152.
Montes, A. y Sabater, R. [2004]: «Factores clave del éxito en la gestión de los acuerdos de cooperación», III Jornadas sobre Alianzas Estratégicas y Cooperación Empresarial, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid.
Montoro, M. A.; Mora, E. M. y Guerras, L. A. [2000]: «La naturaleza del socio como factor moderador en la relación entre confianza y éxito en los acuerdos de cooperación», Revista de Economía y Empresa, Vol. XIV (40), tercer Cuatrimestre, 31-58.
Montoro, M. A. y Mora, E. M. [2004]: «El rendimiento de las relaciones de cooperación: un enfoque basado en el logro de los objetivos», III Jornadas sobre Alianzas Estratégicas y Cooperación Empresarial, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid.
Mora, E. M. y García, F. E. [2005]: «¿Por qué cooperan las empresas con los organismos de investigación? Un análisis conjunto de las razones para colaborar, el compromiso, la confianza y el éxito», XV Congreso Nacional de ACEDE, La Laguna.
Mowery, D. C.; Oxley, J. E. y Silverman, B. S. [1998]: «Technological Overlap and Inter-Firm Cooperation: Implications for the Resource-Based View of the Firm», Research Policy, Vol. 27, 507-523.
Mueller, D. C. [1989]: «Mergers: Causes, Effects and Policies», International Journal of Industrial Organizations, Vol. 7 (1), 1-11.
Nahapiet, J. y Ghoshal, S. [1998]: «Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, 242-266.
Navas, J. E. y Guerras, L. A. [2002]: La dirección estratégica de la empresa. teoría y aplicaciones, Civitas, Madrid.
Nohria, N. y Piskorski, M. J. [1997]: «Focus and Diversification: The effects of Changes in the Scopes of Large Corporations», Working Paper, Harvard Business School.
Nunnally, J. [1978]: Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill, Nueva York.
Oxley, J. E. y Sampson, R. C. [2004]: «The Scope and Governance of International R&D Alliances, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, 723-749.
Pan, F.C. [2004]: «Selecting Consumer Oriented Alliance Partner to Assure Customer Satisfaction in International Markets», The Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 4 (½), 278-284, Cambridge.
Parkhe, A. [1991]: «Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learning, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances», Journal of International Business, Vol. 22 (4), 579-601.
– [1993]: «Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game-Theoretic and Transaction-Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 (4), 794-829.
– [1998]: «Messy Research, Methodological Predispositions and Theory Development in International Joint Ventures», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18 (2), 227-268.
Pearce, R. J. [2001]: «Looking Inside the Joint Venture to Help Understand the Link Between Inter-Parent Cooperation and Performance», Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38 (4), 557-582.
Porter, M. E. [1980]: Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Capítulo 1, Free Press, Nueva York.
Porter, M. E. y Fuller, M. [1986]: «Coalitions and Global Strategy» en Porter. M. E. (ed.), Competition in Global Industries, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Powell, W. W.; Koput, K. W. y Smith-Doerr, L. [1996]: «Interorganizational Colaboration and the Locus of Innovation: Networks of Learning in Biotechnology», Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41 (1), 116-145.
Prahalad, C. y Hamel, G. [1990]: «The Core Competences of the Corporation», Harvard Business Review, mayo-junio, 79-83.
Pucik, V. [1988]: «Strategic Alliances, Organizational Learning and Competitive Advantage: The HRM Agenda», Human Resource Management, Vol. 27, 77-93.
Reuer, J. J. y Ariño, A. [2007]: «Strategic Alliance Contracts: Dimensions and Determinants of Contractual Complexity», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28 (3), 313-330.
Reuer, J. J. y Ragozzino, R. [2006]: «Agency Hazards and Alliance Portfolios», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 27, 27-43.
Rialp, J. [1999]: «Experiencia de las empresas españolas con los acuerdos de cooperación», Revista ICADE, Vol. 48, 149-165.
Ring, P. S. y Van de Ven, A. H. [1992]: «Structuring Cooperative Relationships Between Organizations», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13, 483-498.
– [1994]: «Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 19, 90-118.
Rodan, S. y Galunic, C. [2004]: «More than Networks Structure: How Knowledge Heterogeneity Influences Managerial Performance and Innovativeness», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, 541-562.
Rodríguez, C. M. y Wilson, D. T. [2002]: «Relationship Bonding and Trust as a Foundation for Commitment in U.S.-Mexican Strategic Alliances: a Structural Equation Modeling Approach», Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 10 (4), 53-76.
Rothaermel, F. T. y Deeds, D. L. [2004]: «Exploration and Exploitation Alliances in Biotechnology: a System of New Product Development», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 25, 201-221.
Sampson, R. C. [2005]: «Experience effects and collaborative returns in R&D alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, 1.009-1.031.
Saxton, T. [1997]: «The Effects of Partner and Relationship Characteristics on Alliances Outcomes», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40 (2), 443-461.
Shan, W. [1990]: «An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Strategies by Entrepreneurial High-Technology Firms», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, 129-139.
Singh, K. y Mitchell, W. [2005]: «Growth Dynamics: The Bi-Directional Relationship Between Interfirm Collaboration and Business Sales in Entrant and Incumbent Alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, 497-521.
Smith, K. G.; Carroll, S. J. y Ashford, S. J. [1995]: «Intra- and Interorganizational Cooperation: Toward a Research Agenda», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38 (1), 7-23.
Soh, P. H. [2003]: «The Role of Networking Alliances in Information Acquisition and its Implications for New Product Performance», Journal of Business Venturing, n.º 18, 727-744.
Stuart, T. E. [2000]: «Interorganizational Alliances and the Performance of Firms: a Study of Growth and Innovation Rates in a High-Technology Industry», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, 791-811.
Sullivan, J. y Peterson, R. B. [1982]: «Factors Associated with Trust in Japanese-American Joint Ventures», Management International Review, Vol. 22 (2), 30-40.
Villalonga, B. y McGahan, A. [2005]: «The Choice among Acquisitions, Alliances and Divestitures», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, 1.183-1.208.
White, S. y Siu-Yun, S. [2005]: «Distinguishing Costs of Cooperation and Control in Alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 26, págs. 913-932.
Williamson, O. E. [1985]: The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Free Press, New York.
Yan, A. y Gray, B. [1994]: «Bargaining Power, Management Control, and Performance in United States-China Joint Ventures: A Comparative Case Study», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, 1.478-1.517.
Yoshino, M. y Rangan, U. S. [1996]: Las alianzas estratégicas: un enfoque empresarial a la globalización, Ariel, Madrid.
Zaheer, A. y Venkatraman, N. [1995]: «Relational Governance as an Interorganizational Strategy: an Empirical Test of the Role of Trust in Economic Exchange», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, 373-392.
Zaheer, A.; McEvily, B.; Perrone, V. [1998]: «Does Trust Matter? Exploring the Effects of Interorganizational and Interpersonal Trust on Performance», Organization Science, Vol. 9 (2), 141-159.
Zand, D. E. [1981]: Information, Organization and Power: Effective Management in the Knowledge.
Zeng, M. y Chen, X. P. [2003]: «Achieving Cooperation in Multiparty Alliances: a Social Dilemma Approach to Partnership Management», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 (4), 587-605.
Zucker, L. G. [1986]: «Production of Trust: Institutional Sources of Economic Structure 1984-1920», en Staw, B. M. y Cummings, L. L. (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 8, 53-111.