La estrategia corporativa y el resultado contable de las empresas industriales españolas: una investigación empírica basada en los enfoques de recursos y capacidades dinámicas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rcyt.2005.15947Resumen
Este trabajo ha sido seleccionado y ha obtenido el 1.er Premio Estudios Financieros 2005 en la Modalidad de contabilidad y administración de empresas.
Las empresas crecen hacia nuevos negocios más o menos relacionados con los negocios originales a lo largo del tiempo. La denominada estrategia corporativa se refiere al patrón que adopta este crecimiento, esto es, las relaciones que mantienen los negocios de una empresa. La estrategia mononegocio es adoptada por empresas que apenas se diversifican hacia negocios distintos al original, mientras la estrategia no relacionada implica la entrada en negocios dispersos con escasas relaciones. Entre ambos extremos, se sitúa la estrategia vertical, consistente en el establecimiento de relaciones verticales tipo proveedor-cliente entre los negocios, y la estrategia relacionada, caracterizada por las intensas relaciones horizontales presentes en la cartera de negocios. Existen sólidos argumentos teóricos para defender que la estrategia relacionada debe conducir a los mejores resultados contables, por cuanto las interrelaciones dan lugar a sinergias o beneficios conjuntos derivados de compartir recursos y transferir conocimientos entre los negocios. Sin embargo, los hallazgos son contradictorios después de casi 40 años de investigación. Partiendo de los modernos Enfoques de Recursos y Capacidades Dinámicas en Dirección Estratégica, planteamos un modelo explicativo del resultado contable obtenido por las empresas en función de la estrategia corporativa adoptada. Este modelo se fundamenta en las características internas y externas de la empresa como determinantes de la estrategia corporativa más adecuada. Basándonos en un análisis empírico de 809 empresas industriales españolas, comprobamos la aplicabilidad del modelo propuesto y extraemos conclusiones precisas. Las estrategias vertical y no relacionada conducen a pobres resultados contables, aun cuando se adopten en el contexto correcto. La estrategia mononegocio da lugar a notables resultados contables, a pesar de que no se elija en las condiciones ideales. La estrategia relacionada genera elevados niveles de resultados contables sólo cuando se adopta en las condiciones óptimas. Estos hallazgos indican que las estrategias corporativas verticales y no relacionadas deberían evitarse como fórmulas de crecimiento, la estrategia corporativa mononegocio sería conveniente siempre que satisfaga las necesidades de expansión y la estrategia corporativa relacionada habría de ser gestionada hábilmente para ofrecer buenos resultados. Desde una perspectiva directiva, establecemos en qué condiciones concretas deben adoptarse las dos estrategias corporativas (mononegocio y relacionada) que ofrecen mejores resultados contables. Desde un punto de vista académico, el artículo contribuye a explicar los hallazgos contradictorios existentes en la investigación previa sobre estrategia corporativa.
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