Propuesta de un marco conceptual integrador para el análisis de la cooperación interempresarial desde la perspectiva del conocimiento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rcyt.2002.16385Resumen
Las últimas dos décadas han sido testigo de un crecimiento mundial sin precedentes en el número de acuerdos estratégicos entre empresas. Esta creciente importancia de la cooperación interempresarial, junto con su inherente complejidad, han generado un interés progresivo por el estudio de este fenómeno, lo cual se ha materializado en una vasta, pero fragmentada literatura sobre el mismo. En respuesta a las demandas que plantea la anterior constatación, con este trabajo, hemos tratado de desarrollar un marco conceptual que, basado en el conocimiento y en los procesos de aprendizaje, creemos que integra, para el estudio de los procesos de cooperación entre empresas, una amplia serie de corrientes, aportaciones y conceptos dispersos en esa literatura.
Descargas
Citas
Amit, R. y Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993): «Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14: 33-46.
Anderson, E. (1990): «Two Firms, One Frontier: On Assesing Joint Venture Performance», Sloan Management Review, Vol. 31, N.º 2: 19-30.
Ariño, A. (1995): Inter-firm collaborative ventures: Performance and Cooperative Behavior, Tesis Doctoral no publicada, University of California, L. A.
Ariño, A. (1996): Measures of Collaborative Venture Performance: An Analysis of Construct Validity, Documento interno de trabajo, IESE, Universidad de Navarra.
Ariño, A. y De la Torre, J. (1998): «Learning from failure: Towards an evolutionary model of Collaborative Ventures», Organization Science, Vol. 9, N.º 3: 306-325.
Auster, E. R. (1994): «Macro and strategic perspectives on interorganizational linkages: a comparative analysis and review with suggestions for reorientation», en P. Shrivastava, A. Huff y J. Dutton (Eds.) (1994): Advances in Strategic Management, Vol. 10B: 3-40, JAI Press, Connecticut.
Axelrod, R. (1984): The evolution of cooperation, Basic Books, New York. Edición revisada: Axelrod, R. (1986): La evolución de la cooperación, Alianza Editorial, Madrid.
Barney, J. B. (1986): «Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck and Business Strategy», Management Science, Vol. 32, N.º 10, October: 1.231-1.241.
Barney, J. B. (1991): «Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage», Journal of Management, Vol. 17, N.º 1: 99-120.
Beamish, P. W. (1994): «Joint Ventures in LDCs: Partner Selection and Performance», Management International Review, Vol. 34, Special Issue: 60-74.
Bettis, R. A. y Prahalad, C. K. (1995): «The Dominant Logic: Retrospective and Extension», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16: 5-14.
Berger, P. L. y Luckmann, T. (1967): The Social Construction of Reality, Anchor Books, New York. Edición revisada: Berger, P. L. y Luckmann, T. (1995): La Construcción Social de la Realidad, (decimotercera reimpresión de la primera edición en castellano de 1968, traducida por S. Zulueta), Amorrortu, Buenos Aires.
Borys, B. y Jemison, D. (1989): «Hybrid Arrangements as Strategic Alliances: Theoretical Issues in Organizational Combinations», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, N.º 2: 234-249. Revisada la edición en R. Culpan (Ed.) (1993): Multinational Strategic Alliances: 33-58, IBP, New York.
Buckley, P. J. y Casson, M. (1988): «A Theory of Cooperation in International Business», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 31-53, Lexington Books, New York.
Child, J. (1997): «Strategic Choice in the Analysis of Action, Structure, Organizations and Environment: Retrospect and Prospect», Organization Studies, Vol. 18, N.º 1: 43-76.
Choo, Ch. W. (1998): The Knowing Organization, Oxford University Press, New York.
Choi, Ch. J. y Lee, S. H. (1997): «A Knowledge-Based View of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships», en P. W. Beamish y J. P. Killing (Eds.) (1997): Cooperative Strategies. European Perspectives: 33-58, The New Lexington Press, San Francisco.
Coase, H. (1937): «The Nature of the Firm», Economica, IV: 386-405. Revisada la edición: «La Naturaleza de la Empresa», en L. Putterman (Ed.) (1994): La Naturaleza Económica de la Empresa: 93-111, Alianza, Madrid.
Cohen, M. D. (1991): «Individual Learning and Organizational Routines: Emerging Connections», Organization Science, Vol. 2, N.º 1, February: 135-139.
Cohen, W. M. y Levinthal, D. A. (1990): «Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation», Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, March: 128-152.
Contractor, F. J. y Lorange, P. (1988): «Why Should Firms Cooperate? The Strategy and Economics Basis for Cooperative Ventures», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 3-30, Lexington Books, New York.
Crossan, M. M. e Inkpen, A. C. (1994): «Promise and Reality of Learning Through Alliances», The International Executive, Vol. 36, N.º 3, May-June: 263-273.
Crossan, M. M. e Inkpen, A. C. (1995): «The Subtle Art of Learning Through Alliances», Business Quarterly, Winter: 69-78.
Daft, R. L. y Weick, K. E. (1984): «Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, N.º 2: 284-295.
Deeds, D. L. y Hill, C. W. L. (1996): «Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development», Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 11: 41-55.
Demsetz, H. (1991): «The Theory of the Firm Revisited», en O. E. Williamson y S. G. Winter (Eds.) (1991): The Nature of the Firm. Origins, Evolution, and Development: 159-178, Oxford University Press, New York.
Dierickx, I. y Cool, K. (1989): «Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage», Management Science, Vol. 35, N.º 12, December: 1.504-1.511.
DiMaggio, P. J. y Powell, W. W. (1983): «The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields», American Sociological Review, Vol. 48: 147-160. Revisada la edición en D. S. Pugh (Ed.) (1997): Organization Theory, 4th Ed.: 435-459, Penguin Books, London.
Dyer, J. H. y Ouchi, W. G. (1993): «Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge», Sloan Management Review, Fall: 51-63.
Dodgson, M. (1993): «Organizational Learning: A Review of Some Literature», Organization Studies, 14/3: 375-394.
Doz, Y. L. (1996): «The Evolution of Cooperation in Strategic Alliances: Initial Conditions or Learning Processes?», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17: 55-83.
Duncan, R. y Weiss, A. (1979): «Organizational Learning: Implications for Organizational Design», Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1: 75-123.
Dussauge, P. y Garrette, B. (1995): «Determinants of Success in International Strategic Alliances: Evidence from the Global Aerospace Industry», Journal of International Business Studies, Third Quarter: 505-530.
Eden, C. y Spender, J.-C. (Eds.) (1998): Managerial and Organizational Cognition, SAGE, London.
Escribá, A. (1999): Factores Determinantes del Comportamiento Cooperativo en las Alianzas entre Empresas: Un Estudio Cualitativo, Tesis Doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia.
Escribá, A. y Menguzzato, M. (1999): «Determinantes y Efectos del comportamiento cooperativo de los socios en las alianzas entre empresas», ICADE, N.º 48: 25-43.
Festinger, L. (1957): A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Edición revisada: Festinger, L. (1975): Teoría de la Disonancia Cognoscitiva (traducción de J. E. Martín), Instituto de Estudios Políticos, Madrid.
Fiol, C. M. y Lyles, M. A. (1985): «Organizational Learning», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, N.º 4: 803-813.
Friedlander, F. (1983): «Patterns of Individual and Organizational Learning», en S. Srivastva y Asociados (1983): The Executive Mind: 192-220, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Geringer, J. M. y Hébert, L. (1991): «Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22: 249-264.
Ghoshal, S. y Moran, P. (1996): «Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21, N.º 1: 13-47.
Gomes-Casseres, B. (1987): «Joint Venture Instability: Is It a Problem?», Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 22, Summer: 97-102.
Grandori, A. y Soda, G. (1995): «Inter-firm Networks: Antecedents, Mechanisms and Forms», Organization Studies, 16/2: 183-214.
Grant, R. M. (1991): «The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategic Formulation», California Management Review, Spring: 114-135.
Grant, R. M. (1996): «Toward a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter Special Issue: 109-122.
Grant, R. M. y Baden-Fuller, Ch. (1995): «A Knowledge-Based Theory of Inter-Firm Collaboration», Academy of Management Journal, Issue Best Paper Proceedings: 17-21.
Gulati, R. (1995a): «Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, N.º 1: 85-112.
Gulati, R. (1995b): «Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis», Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, December: 619-652.
Hagedoorn, J. (1993): «Understanding the Rationale of Strategic Technology Partnering: Interorganizational Modes of Cooperation and Sectoral Differences», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14: 371-385.
Hagedoorn, J. y Schakenraad, J. (1994): «The Effect of Strategic Technology Alliances on Company Performance», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15: 291-309.
Häkanson, L. (1993): «Managing cooperative research and development: partner selection and contract design», R&D Management, Vol. 23, N.º 4: 273-285.
Hamel, G. (1991): «Competition for Competence and Inter-Partner Learning within International Strategic Alliances», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12: 83-103.
Hamel, G.; Doz, Y. y Prahalad, C. K. (1989): «Collaborate with Your Competitors -and Win», Harvard Business Review, January-February: 133-139.
Harrigan, K. R. (1986): Managing for Joint Venture Success, Lexington Books, MA.
Harrigan, K. R. (1988): «Strategic Alliances and Partner Asymmetries» en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 205-226, Lexington Books, New York.
Hatfield, L. y Pearce II, J. A. (1994): «Goal Achievement and Satisfaction of Joint Ventures», Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9, N.º 5: 423-449.
Hedberg, B. (1981): «How organizations learn and unlearn», en P. C. Nystrom y W. H. Starbuck (Eds.) (1981): Handbook of organizational design, Vol. 1: 3-27, Oxford University Press, London.
Hennart, J.-F. (1988): «A Transaction Costs Theory of Equity Joint Ventures», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9: 361-374.
Hill, Ch. W. L. (1990): «Cooperation, Opportunism, and the Invisible Hand: Implications for Transaction Cost Theory», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, N.º 3: 500-513.
Hu, M. Y. y Chen, H. (1996): «An Empirical Analysis of Factors Explaining Foreign Joint Venture Performance in China», Journal of Business Research, Vol. 35: 165-173.
Huber, G. P. (1991): «Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures», Organization Science, Vol. 2, N.º 1: 88-115.
Inkpen, A. C. (1997): «An Examination of Knowledge Management in International Joint Ventures», en P. W. Beamish y J. P. Killing (Eds.) (1997): Cooperative Strategies. North American Perspectives: 337-369, The New Lexington Press, San Francisco.
Inkpen, A. C. y Beamish, P. W. (1997): «Knowledge, Bargaining Power, and the Instability of International Joint Ventures», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, N.º 1: 177-202.
Inkpen, A. C. y Crossan, M. M. (1995): «Believing Is Seeing: Joint Ventures and Organization Learning», Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 32, N.º 5, September: 595-618.
Kahneman, D. y Tversky, A. (1984): «Choices, Values, and Frames», American Psychologist, Vol. 39, N.º 4, April: 341-350.
Kanter, R. M. (1994): «Collaborative Advantage: The Art of Alliances», Harvard Business Review, julio-agosto: 96-108.
Khanna, T.; Gulati, R. y Nohria, N. (1998): «The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19: 193-210.
Killing, J. P. (1983): Strategies for joint venture success, Praeger, New York.
Kim, D. H. (1993): «The Link between Individual and Organizational Learning», Sloan Management Review, Fall: 37-50.
Kofman, F. y Senge, P. M. (1993): «Communities of Commitment: The Heart of Learning Organizations», Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 2, N.º 22: 5-23.
Kogut, B. (1988a): «Joint ventures: theoretical and empirical perspectives», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 9: 319-332.
Kogut, B. (1988b): «A Study of the Life Cycle of Joint Ventures», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 169-185, Lexington Books, New York.
Kogut, B. (1989): «The Stability of Joint Ventures: Reciprocity and Competitive Rivalry», Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 38, N.º 2: 183-198.
Kogut, B. y Zander, U. (1992): «Knowledge of the Firm, Combinate Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology», Organization Science, Vol. 3, N.º 3, August: 383-397.
Kogut, B. y Zander, U. (1993): «Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation», Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24, N.º 4: 625-643.
Lado, A. A. y Kedia, B. L. (1992): «Determinantes en la elección estratégica de lo individual frente a la alianza: Un marco integrador», Economía Industrial, N.º 283, Enero-Febrero: 49-60.
Lane, P. J. y Lubatkin, M. (1998): «Relative Absorptive Capacity and Interorganizational Learning», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 19: 461-477.
Langer, E. J. (1975): «The Illusion of Control», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 32, N.º 2: 311-328.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1992a): «Core Compatibilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13, Special Issue: 111-125.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1992b): «The Factory as a Learning Laboratory», Sloan Management Review, Fall: 23-38.
Levinthal, D. A. y March, J. G. (1993): «The Myopia of Learning», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 14: 95-112.
Levitt, B. y March, J. G. (1988): «Organizational Learning», Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 14: 319-340.
Lorange, P. (1997): «Black-Box Protection of Your Core Competencies in Strategic Alliances», en P. W. Beamish y J. P. Killing (Eds.) (1997): Cooperative Strategies. European Perspectives: 59-73, The New Lexington Press, San Francisco.
Lyles, M. (1987): «Common Mistakes of Joint Venture Experienced Firms», Columbia Journal of World Business, Summer: 79-85.
Lyles, M. (1988): «Learning among Joint Venture-Sophisticated Firms», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 301-316, Lexington Books, New York.
March, J. G. (1991): «Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning», Organization Science, Vol. 2, N.º 1, February: 71-87.
Meindl, J. R.; Stubbart, Ch. y Porac, J. F. (Eds.) (1996): Cognition Within and Between Organizations, SAGE, London.
Menguzzato, M. (1992b): «La cooperación: una alternativa para la empresa de los 90», Revista de Organización y Dirección, Octubre-Noviembre, 54-62.
Menguzzato, M. (1995): «La triple lógica de las alianzas estratégicas», en Cuervo, A. (Dir.): Dirección de Empresas de los Noventa: Homenaje al profesor Marcial-Jesús López Moreno, Madrid; Civitas, 503-523.
Menguzzato, M. y Renau, J. J. (1991): La Dirección Estratégica de la Empresa. Un enfoque innovador del management, Ariel, Barcelona.
Menguzzato, M. y Renau, J. J. (1995): «Estrategias de Empresa y Teoría de los Costes de Transacción», Información Comercial Española, N.º 746, Octubre: 7-24.
Meyer, J. W. y Rowan, B. (1977): «Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony», American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83: 340-363.
Mintzberg, H. (1998a): «Five P’s for Strategy», en H. Mintzberg; J. B. Quinn y S. Ghoshal (Eds.) (1998): The Strategy Process. Revised European Edition: 13-21, Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead.
Mintzberg, H. (1998b): «Crafting Strategy», en H. Mintzberg; J. B. Quinn y S. Ghoshal (Eds.) (1998): The Strategy Process. Revised European Edition: 110-120, Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead.
Mintzberg, H.; Ahlstrand, B. y Lampel, J. (1998): Strategy Safari, Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead.
Morasch, K. (1995): «Moral hazard and optimal contract form for R&D cooperation», Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 28: 63-78.
Mowery, D. C.; Oxley, J. E. y Silverman, B. S. (1996): «Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17, Winter Special Issue: 77-91.
Nelson, R. R. y Winter, S. G. (1982): An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Revisado el capítulo 5: «De Una Teoría Evolutiva del Cambio Económico», en L. Putterman (Ed.) (1994): La Naturaleza Económica de la Empresa: 225-238, Alianza, Madrid.
Nevis, E. C., Di Bella, A. J. y Gould, J. M. (1995): «Understanding Organizations as Learning Systems», Sloan Management Review, Winter (2), 73-85.
Nisbett, R. y Ross, L. (1980): Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
Nonaka, I. (1994): «A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation», Organization Science, Vol. 5, N.° 1: 14-37.
Nonaka, I. y Takeuchi, H. (1995): The Knowledge-Creating Company. How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York.
Nooteboom, B.; Berger, H. y Noorderhaven, N. G. (1997): «Effects of Trust and Governance on Relational Risk», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, N.º 2: 308-338.
Oliver, Ch. (1990): «Determinants of Interorganizational Relationships: Integration and Future Directions», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, N.º 2: 241-265.
Osborn, R. N. y Hagedoorn, J. (1997): «The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, N.º 2: 261-278.
Parkhe, A. (1991): «Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learning, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances», Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter: 579-601.
Parkhe, A. (1993a): «Messy» research, methodological predispositions, and theory development in international joint ventures», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18, N.º 2: 227-268.
Parkhe, A. (1993b): «Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36, N.º 4: 794-829.
Pearce, R. J. (1997): «Toward Understanding Joint Venture Performance and Survival: A Bargaining and Influence Approach to Transaction Cost Theory», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, N.º 1: 203-225.
Polany, M. (1962): Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago [(en Grant y Baden-Fuller (1995)].
Prahalad, C. K. y Hamel , G. (1990): «The Core Competence of the Corporation», Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, N.º 3, May-June: 79-91.
Pucik, V. (1988a): «Strategic Alliances with the Japanese: Implications for Human Resource Management», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 487-498, Lexington Books, New York.
Pucik, V. (1988b): «Strategic Alliances, Organizational Learning, and Competitive Advantage: The HRM Agenda», Human Resource Management, Vol. 27, N.º 1, Spring: 77-93.
Pucik, V. (1991): «Technology Transfer in Strategic Alliances: Competitive Collaboration and Organizational Learning», en T. Agmon y M. A. von Glinow (Eds.) (1991): Technology Transfer in International Business: 121-138, Oxford University Press, New York.
Reich, R. B. y Mankin, E. D. (1986): «Joint ventures with Japan give away our future», Harvard Business Review, March-April: 78-86.
Ring, P. S. y Van de Ven, A. H. (1994): «Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 19, N.º 1: 90-118.
Safón, V. (1997): «Creación y desarrollo de conocimiento en la organización», Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 6, N.º 2: 115-126.
Salas, V. (1989): «Acuerdos de cooperación entre empresas: bases teóricas», Economía Industrial, N.º 266, Marzo-Abril: 47-60.
Sanchis, J. R. y Urra, J. A. (1994): «Las Alianzas Estratégicas Globales. Un estudio empírico», Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 3, N.º 2: 83-102.
Sasaki, T. (1993): «What the Japanese have Learned from Strategic Alliances», Long Range Planning, Vol. 26, N.º 6: 41-53.
Saxton, T. (1997): «The Effects of Partner and Relationship Characteristics on Alliance Outcomes», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, N.º 2: 443-461.
Scott, R. (1987): «The adolescence of institutional theory», Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 32: 493-511.
Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1993): «Strategic Decisions in Organizations: Rational and Behavioural Views», Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 30, N.º 1: 107-129.
Schwenk, Ch. R. (1984): «Cognitive Simplification Processes in Strategic Decision-making», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5: 111-128.
Schwenk, Ch. R. (1988): «The Cognitive Perspective on Strategic Decision Making», Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 25, N.º 1, January: 41-55.
Simonin, B. L. (1997): «The Importance of Collaborative Know-How: An Empirical Test of the Learning Organization», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, N.º 5, October: 1.150-1.174.
Sims, H. P. Jr.; Gioia, D. A. y Asociados (1986): The Thinking Organization, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Sproull, L. S. (1981): «Beliefs in organizations», en P. C. Nystrom y W. H. Starbuck (Eds.) (1981): Handbook of organizational design, Vol. 1: 203-224, Oxford University Press, London.
Teece, J. D. (1998): «Capturing Value from Knowledg Assets», California Management Review, Vol. 40, N.º 3: 55-80.
Teece, J. D.; Pisano, G. y Shuen, A. (1997): «Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, N.º 7: 509-533.
Tiemessen, I., Lane, H. W.; Crossan, M. M. e Inkpen, A. C. (1997): «Knowledge Management in International Joint Ventures», en P.W. Beamish y J. P. Killing (Eds.): Cooperative Strategies. North American Perspectives, 370-399, The New Lexington Press, San Francisco.
Tversky, A. y Kahneman, D. (1974): «Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases», Science, Vol. 185, N.º 27, September: 1.124-1.131.
Úbeda, M. y Sabater, V. (2000): «Hacia un modelo conjunto de aprendizaje organizativo en la cooperación interempresas», Boletín de Estudios Económicos, Vol. 55, N.º 169: 159-180.
Urra, J. A. (1998): «Una evidencia empírica de los factores subyacentes en la cooperación empresarial», Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, Vol. 7, N.º 1: 77-94.
Urra, J. A. (1999): «Cooperación Empresarial: revisión y tendencias», Revista de Estudios Financieros, N.º 200,Vol. 2, Noviembre: 275-396.
Van de Ven, A. H. (1976): «On the Nature, Formation, and Maintenance of Relations Among Organizations», Academy of Management Review, October: 24-36.
Von Krogh, G; Roos, J. y Slocum, K. (1994): «An essay on corporate epistemology», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15: 53-71.
Walsh, J. P. y Ungson, G. R. (1991): «Organizational Memory», Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16, N.º 1: 57-91.
Weick, K. (1979) The Social Psychology of Organizing, Second Edition, Random House, New York.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984): «A Resource-based View of the Firm», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 5: 171-180.
Wernerfelt, B. (1989): «From critical resources to corporate strategy», Journal of General Management, Vol. 14, N.º 3, Spring: 4-12.
Wernerfelt, B. (1995): «The Resource-based View of the Firm: Ten Years After», Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16: 171-174.
Westney, D. E. (1988): «Domestic and Foreign Learning Curves in Managing International Cooperative Strategies», en F. J. Contractor y P. Lorange (Eds.) (1988): Cooperative Strategies in International Business: 339-346, Lexington Books, New York.
Wick, C. W. y León, L. S. (1995): «From Ideas to Action: creating a learning organization», Human Resource Management, Vol. 34, N.º 2: 299-311.
Williamson, O. E. (1985): The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, The Free Press, New York. Edición revisada: Williamson, O. E. (1987): Las instituciones económicas del capitalismo, CECSA, México.
Williamson, O. E. (1991): «Comparative economic organization: The analysis of discrete structural alternatives», Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 36, N.º 2: 269-296.
Winter, S. G. (1987): «Knowledge and Competence as Strategic Assets», en D. J. Teece (Ed.) (1987): The Competitive Challenge: 159-184, Harper & Row, New York.
Yan, A. y Gray, B. (1994): «Bargaining power, management control, and performance in United States-China joint ventures: A comparative case study», Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37: 1.478-1.517.
Zucker, L. G. (1987): «Institutional theories of organization», Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 13: 443-464.
