Ayudas públicas a la investigación y desarrollo empresarial en España: un panorama y algunas propuestas para el debate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rcyt.2012.6639Palabras clave:
investigación y desarrollo, ayudas públicas, innovación, competitividadResumen
Este trabajo ha obtenido el 1.er Premio Estudios Financieros 2012 en la modalidad de Contabilidad y Administración de Empresas.
El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar un panorama general sobre la situación de la investigación y desarrollo en España en relación con otros países y, a partir de la literatura empírica existente, realizar varias propuestas que pueden resultar útiles a la hora de promover un debate constructivo respecto a la utilización efectiva y eficiente, por parte de los poderes públicos, de los recursos financieros (vía subsidios) destinados a estimular la investigación y desarrollo empresarial. Tales propuestas versan sobre las siguientes cuestiones: 1) el tipo concreto de empresas a las que se le deberían conceder las ayudas o subsidios; 2) la cuantía óptima de la ayuda o subsidio; y 3) el patrón que debería seguirse a la hora de dar subsidios a las actividades de investigación y desarrollo. La formulación de las distintas propuestas puede ser pertinente en un momento como el actual, en el que los gobiernos de muchos países están llevando a cabo severos ajustes presupuestarios que, en algunos casos (como en el caso de España), están afectando de manera especialmente negativa a los recursos destinados a la investigación y desarrollo. Además, esto puede ser vital dado el atraso en investigación y desarrollo que sigue exhibiendo la economía española respecto a las economías más competitivas y avanzadas del mundo.
Descargas
Citas
Aerts, K. y Czarnitzki, D. [2004]: «Using innovation survey data to evaluate R&D policy: the case of Belgium», ZEW Discussion Paper, n.º 04-55, Mannheim.
– [2006]: «The impact of public R&D funding in Flanders», IWT-Studies, n.º 54, Bruselas.
Aerts, K. y Schmidt, T. [2008]: «Two for the price of one? Additionality effects of R&D subsidies: a comparison between Flanders and Germany», Research Policy, 37 (5), págs. 806-822.
Aerts, K. y Thorwarth, S. [2008]: «Additionality effects of public R&D funding: 'R' versus 'D'», FBE ResearchReport MSI, n.º 0811, Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Bélgica.
Ali-Yrkkö, J. [2005]: «Impact of public R&D financing on private R&D. Does financial constraint matter?», Working Paper, n.º 30, ENEPRI, Bruselas.
Almus, M. y Czanitzki, D. [2003]: «The effects of public R&D subsidies on firm’s innovation activities. The case of Eastern Germany», Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 21 (2), págs. 226-236.
Antonelli, C. [1989]: «A failure-inducement model of research and development expenditure», Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 12 (2), págs. 159-180.
Arrow, K.J. [1962]: «Economic welfare and the allocation of resources to invention», en Nelson, R.R. (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, (págs. 609-625), Princeton University Press.
Aschhoff, B. [2009]: «The effect of subsidies on R&D investment and success. Do subsidy history and size matter?», ZEW Discussion Paper, n.º 032, Mannheim.
Bentzen, J. y Smith, V. [1999]: «An empirical analysis of R&D expenditure in the Nordic countries», IAES Meeting, Montreal, octubre.
Berger, A.N. y Udell, G.F. [1990]: «Collateral, loan quality and bank risk», Journal of Monetary Economics, 25 (1), págs. 21-42.
Berubé, C. y Mohnen, P. [2009]: «Are firms that receive R&D subsidies more innovative?», Canadian Journal of Economics, 42 (1), págs. 206-225.
Bester, H. [1985]: «Screening versus rationing in credit markets with imperfect information», American Economic Review, 75 (4), págs. 850-855.
Bhattacharya, S. y Ritter, J. [1983]: «Innovation and communications: signalling with partial disclosure», Review of Economic Studies, 50 (2), págs. 331-46.
Blanes, J.V. y Busom, I. [2004]: «Who participates in R&D subsidy programs? The case of Spanish manufacturing firms», Research Policy, 33 (10), págs. 1.459-1.476.
Blank, D.M. y Stigler, G.J. [1957]: The Demand and Supply of Scientific Personnel, Nueva York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bloch, C. y Graversen, E.K. [2008]: «Additionality of public R&D funding in business R&D», Working Paper, n.º 5. The Danish Center for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Universidad de Aarhus, Dinamarca.
Brouwer, E. y Kleinknecht, A. [1999]: «Keynes-plus? Effective demand and changes in firm-level R&D: an empirical note», Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23 (3), págs. 385-391.
Brown, J.R.; Fazzari, S.M. y Petersen, B.C. [2008]: «Financing innovation and growth: cash flow, external equity and the 1990s R&D boom», Journal of Finance, 64 (1), págs. 151-185.
Busom, I. [2000]: «An empirical evaluation of R&D subsidies», Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 9 (2), págs. 111-148.
Buxton, A. [1975]: «The process of technical change in UK manufacturing», Applied Economics, 7 (1), págs. 53-71.
Callejón, M. y García-Quevedo, J.G. [2002]: «Las ayudas públicas a la I+D empresarial. Un análisis sectorial», Document de Treball, n.º 6. Institutd’Economia de Barcelona. Barcelona.
Capron, H. y Van Pottelsberghe, B. [1997]: «Public support to business R&D: a survey and some new quantitative evidence», en OECD, Policy Evaluation in Innovation and Technology. Towards Best Practices (págs. 171-187). París.
Carmichael, J. [1981]: «The effects of mission-oriented public R&D spending on private industry», Journal of Finance, 36 (3), págs. 617-627.
Carpenter, R. y Petersen, B. [2002]: «Capital market imperfections, high-tech investment and new equity financing», Economic Journal, 112 (447), págs. 54-72.
Cerulli, G. [2010]: «Modelling and measuring the effect of public subsidies on business R&D: a critical review of the econometric literature», The Economic Record, 86 (274), págs. 421-449.
Clausen, T.H. [2007]: «Do subsidies have positive impacts on R&D and innovation activities at the firm level?» Working Paper, 2007/0615, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, Universidad de Oslo, Oslo.
Comisión Europea [2008]: The 2008 EU Industrial R&D Investment SCOREBOARD, Joint Research Centre.Luxemburgo.
– [2009]: The 2009 EU Industrial R&D Investment SCOREBOARD, Joint Research Centre. Luxemburgo.
– [2010]: The 2010 EU Industrial R&D Investment SCOREBOARD, Joint Research Centre. Luxemburgo.
COTEC [2011]: Informe COTEC 2011. Madrid.
Czarnitzki, D.; EbersBerger, B. y Fier, A. [2007]: «The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and R&D performance: empirical evidence from Finland and Germany», Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (7), págs. 1.347-1.366.
Czarnitzki, D. y Fier, A. [2002]: «Do innovation subsidies crowd out private investment? Evidence from the German service sector», Applied Economics Quarterly, 48 (1), págs. 1-25.
Czarnitzki, D. y Hottenrott, H. [2010]: «Financing constraints for industrial innovation: what do we know?», Working Paper, OR 1004, Universidad Católica de Lovaina, Bélgica.
Czarnitzki, D.; Hottenrott, H. y Thorwarth, S. [2011]: «Industrial research versus development investment: the implications of financial constraints», Cambridge Journal of Economics, 35 (3), págs. 527-544.
Czarnitzki, D. y Hussinger, K. [2004]: «The link between R&D subsidies, R&D spending and technological performance», ZEW Discussion Paper, n.º 056, Mannheim.
Czarnitzki, D.; Kraft, K. y Thorwarth, S. [2009]: «The knowledge production of 'R' and 'D'», Economic Letters, 105 (1), págs. 141-143.
Czarnitzki, D. y Licht, G. [2006]: «Additionality of public R&D grants in a transition economy. The case of Eastern Germany», Economics of Transition, 14 (1), págs. 101-131.
Czarnitzki, D. y Toole, A.A. [2007]: «Business R&D and the interplay of R&D subsidies and product market uncertainty», Review of Industrial Organization, 31 (3), págs. 169-181.
David, P.A.; Hall, B.H. y Toole, A.A. [2000]: «Is public R&D a complement or substitute for private R&D? A review of econometric evidence», Research Policy, 29 (4-5), págs. 497-529.
Diamond, A.M. [1999]: «Does federal funding "crowd in" private funding of science», Contemporary Economic Policy, 17 (4), págs. 423-431.
Duguet, E. [2004]: «Are R&D subsidies a substitute or a complement to privately funded R&D? Evidence from France using propensity score methods for non-experimental data», Revue d’EconomiePolitique, 114 (2), págs. 263-292.
Ebersberger, B. [2005]: The Impact of Public R&D Funding, Vuorimiehentie: VTT Publications.
Egeln, J.; Licht, G. y Steil, F. [1997]: «Firm foundations and the role of financial constraints», Small Business Economics, 9 (2), págs. 137-150.
Eurostat [2012]: Portal de las Estadísticas Europeas (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu). Comisión Europea.
Falk, R. [2004]: «Behavioural additionality effects of R&D subsidies: empirical evidence from Austria», TIP Working Paper, Viena.
Foro Económico Mundial [2008]: The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, Ginebra.
– [2009]: The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010, Ginebra.
– [2010]: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011, Ginebra.
Gannicott, K. [1984]: «The determinants of industrial R&D in Australia», The Economic Record, 60 (3), págs. 231-235.
Globerman, S. [1973]: «Market structure and R&D in Canadian manufacturing industries», Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 13 (1), 59-68.
Golberg, L. [1979]: «The influence of federal R&D funding on the demand for and returns to industrial R&D», Working Paper CRC-388, The Public Research Institute.
González, X.; Jaumandreu, J. y Pazó, C. [2005]: «Barriers to innovation and subsidy effectiveness», RAND Journal of Economics, 36 (4), 930-950.
González, X. y Pazó, C. [2008]: «Do public subsidies stimulate private R&D spending?», Research Policy, 37 (3), págs. 371-389.
Goolsbee, A. [1998]: «Does government R&D policy mainly benefit scientists and engineers?», American Economic Review, 88 (2), págs. 298-302.
Görg, H. y Strobl, E. [2007]: The effect of R&D subsidies on private R&D. Economica, 74 (294), págs. 215-234.
Griliches, Z. [1986]: «Productivity, R&D, and the basic research at the firm level in the 1970’s», American Economic Review, 76 (1), págs. 141-54.
Guellec, D. y Van Pottelsberghe, B. [2000]: «The impact of public expenditure on business R&D», STI Working Papers, 2000/4, OCDE, París.
– [2003]: «The impact of public R&D expenditure on business R&D», Economics of Innovation and New Technologies, 12 (3), págs. 225-244.
Hall, B.H. [1992]: «Investment and research and development at the firm level: does the source of financing matter?», NBER Working Paper, n.º 4096, Cambridge.
– [2002]: «The financing of research and development», Oxford Review of Economic Policy 18 (1), págs. 35-51.
Hall, B.H. y Van Reenen, J. [2000]: «How effective are fiscal incentives for R&D? A review of the evidence», Research Policy, 29 (4-5), págs. 449-470.
Hamberg, D. [1966]: Essays on the Economics of Research and Development. Nueva York: Random House.
Hao, K.Y. y Jaffe, A.B. [1993]: «Effect of liquidity on firm’s R&D spending», Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2 (4), págs. 275-82.
Herrera, L. y Heijs, J. [2006]: «Difusión y adicionalidad de las ayudas públicas a la innovación», Revista de Economía Aplicada, 14 (41), págs. 45-65.
Herrera, L. y Martínez, A. [2009]: «¿La I+D pública complementa o sustituye la I+D privada? Un análisis de la industria manufacturera española», XIX Congreso Nacional de ACEDE.
Higgins, R.S. y Link, A.N. [1981]: «Federal support of technological growth in industry: some evidence of crowding out», IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 28, págs. 86-88.
Himmelberg, C.P. y Petersen, B.C. [1994]: «R&D and internal finance: a panel study of small firms in high-tech industries», Review of Economics and Statistics, 76 (1), págs. 38-51.
Holemans, B. y Sleuwaegen, L. [1988]: «Innovation expenditures and the role of government in Belgium», Research Policy, 17 (6), págs. 375-379.
Howe, J.D. y McFetridge, D.G. [1976]: «The determinants of R&D expenditures», Canadian Journal of Economics, 9 (1), págs. 57-71.
Hubbard, G. [1998]: «Capital market imperfections and investment», Journal of Economic Literature, 36 (1), págs. 193-225.
Hussinger, K. [2008]: «R&D and subsidies at the firm level: an application of parametric and semiparametric two-step selection models», Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23 (6), págs. 729-747.
Hyytinen, A. y Toivanen, O. [2005]: «Do financial constraints hold back innovation and growth? Evidence on the role of public policy», Research Policy, 34 (9), págs. 1.385-1.403.
Janz, N.; Lööf, H. y Peters, B. [2003]: «Firm level innovation and productivity– Is there a common story across countries?», ZEW Discussion Paper, n.º 03-26, Mannheim.
Jensen, M. y Meckling, W. [1976]: «Theory of the firm, managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure», Journal of Financial Economics, 5 (4), págs. 305-60.
Kaiser, U. [2004]: «Private R&D and public R&D subsidies: microeconometric evidence from Denmark», CEBR Discussion Paper, 2004-19, Dinamarca.
Klette, T.J. y Møen, J. [1998]: R&DInvestment Responses to R&D Subsidies: A Theoretical Analysis and a Microeconomic Study, NBER, julio.
Klette, T.J.; Møen, J. y Griliches, Z. [2000]: «Do subsidies to commercial R&D reduce market failures? Microeconomic evaluation studies», Research Policy, 29 (4-5), págs. 471-495.
Koga, T. [2005]: «R&D subsidy and self-financed R&D: the case of Japanese high-technology start-ups», Small Business Economics, 24 (1), págs. 53-62.
Lach, S. [2002]: «Do R&D subsidies stimulate or displace private R&D? Evidence from Israel», Journal of Industrial Economics, 50 (4), págs. 369-390.
Levin, R.C. y Reiss, P.C. [1984]: «Tests of a Schumpeterian model of R&D and market structure», en Griliches Z. (ed.) R&D, Patents, and Productivity (págs. 175-208), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levy, D.M. [1990]: «Estimating the impact of government R&D», Economic Letters, 32 (2), págs. 169-173.
Levy, D.M. y Terleckyj, N.E. [1983]: «Effects of government R&D on private R&D investment and productivity: a macroeconomic analysis», Bell Journal of Economics, 14 (2), págs. 551-561.
Leyden, D.P. y Link, A.L. [1991]: «Why are governmental R&D and private R&D complements?», Applied Economics, 23 (10), págs. 1.673-1.681.
Leyden, D.P.; Link, A.L. y Bozeman, B. [1989]: «The effects of governmental financing on firm’s R&D activities: a theoretical and empirical investigation», Technovation, 9 (7), págs. 561-575.
Lichtenberg, F.R. [1984]: «The relationship between federal contract R&D and company R&D», American Economic Review, 74 (2), págs. 73-78.
– [1987]: «The effect of government funding on private industrial research and development: a re-assessment», Journal of Industrial Economics, 36 (1), págs. 97-104.
– [1988]: «The private R&D investment response to federal design and technical competitions», American Economic Review, 78 (1), págs. 550-559.
Link, A.N. [1982]: «An analysis of the composition of R&D spending», Southern Economic Journal, 49 (2), págs. 342-349.
Lööf, H. y Heshmati, A. [2005]: «The impact of public funding on private R&D investment: new evidence from a firm level innovation study», CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series, Paper n.º 06, Estocolmo.
Mamuneas, T.P. y Nadiri, M.I. [1996]: «Public R&D policies and cost behavior of the US manufacturing industries», Journal of Public Economics, 63 (1), págs. 57-81.
Mansfield, E. y Switzer, L. [1984]: «Effects of federal support on company-financed R and D: the case of energy», Management Science, 30 (5), págs. 562-571.
Meeusen, W. y Janssens, W. [2001]: «Substitution versus additionality: econometric evaluation by means of micro-economic data of the efficacy and efficiency of R&D subsidies to firms in the Flemish region», CESIT Discussion paper, n.º 2001/01, Universidad de Antwerp.
Močnik, D. [2001]: «Asset specificity and a firm’s borrowing ability: an empirical analysis of manufacturing firms», Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 45 (1), págs. 69-81.
Nelson, R.R. [1959]: «The simple economics of basic scientific research», Journal of Political Economy, 67, págs. 297-306.
Özçelik, E. y Taymaz, E. [2008]: «R&D support programs in developing countries: the Turkish experience», Research Policy, 37 (2), págs. 258-275.
Robson, M. [1993]: «Federal funding and the level of private expenditure on basic research», Southern Economic Journal, 60 (1), págs. 63-71.
Rosenberg, J.B. [1976]: «Research and market share: a reappraisal of the Schumpeter hypothesis», Journal of Industrial Economics, 25 (2), págs. 101-112.
Scellato, G. [2007]: «Patents, firm size and financial constraints: an empirical analysis for a panel of Italian manufacturing firms», Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31 (1), págs. 55-76.
Scott, J. [1984]: «Firm versus industry variability in R&D intensity», en Griliches, Z. (ed.) R&D, Patents and Productivity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shrieves, R.E. [1978]: «Market structure and innovation: a new perspective», Journal of Industrial Economics, 26 (4), págs. 329-347.
Sørensen, A.; Kongsted, H.C. y Marcusson, M. [2003]: «R&D, public innovation policy, and productivity: the case of Danish manufacturing», Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 12 (2), págs. 163-178.
Stiglitz, J. [1988]: Economics of the Public Sector, W.W. Norton and Company: Nueva York.
Stiglitz, J. y Weiss, A. [1981]: «Credit rationing in markets with imperfect information», American Economic Review, 71 (3), págs. 393-410.
Streicher, G.; Schibany, A. y Gretzmacher, N. [2004]: «Input additionality effects of R&D subsidies in Austria», TIP Working Paper, 04-03, Viena.
Suetens, S. [2002]: «R&D subsidies and production effects of R&D personnel: evidence from the Flemish region», CESIT Discussion Paper, 2002/03, Universidad de Antwerp.
Takalo, T. y Tanayama, T. [2010]: «Adverse selection and financing of innovation: is there a need for R&D subsidies?», Journal of Technology Transfer, 35 (1), págs. 16-41.
Terleckyj, N.E. [1985]: «Measuring economic effects of federal research and development expenditures, recent history with special emphasis on federal R&D performed in industry», Workshop on the Federal Role in Research and Development. National Academies of Science and Enginieering. Washington, DC.
Toivanen, O. y Niininen, P. [1998]: «Investment, R&D, subsidies and credit constraints», Working Paper, n.º W-264, Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinski.
Von Tunzelmann, N. y Martin, B. [1998]: «Public vs. private funding of R&D and rates of growth: 1963-1995», Working Paper, Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), Universidad de Sussex.
Ughetto, E. [2008]: «Does financial finance matter for R&D? New evidence from a panel of Italian firms», Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32 (6), págs. 907-925.
Wallsten, S.J. [2000]: «The effects of government-industry R&D programs on private R&D: the case of the small business innovation research program», RAND Journal of Economics, 31 (1), págs. 82-100.
Wolff, G.B. y Reinthaler, V. [2008]: «The effectiveness of subsidies revisited: Accounting for wage and employment effects in business R&D», Research Policy, 37 (8), págs. 1.403-1.412.
Wren, C. [1994]: «The build-up and duration of subsidy-induced employment: evidence from UK», Journal of Regional Science, 34 (3), págs. 387-410.
Wu, Y. [2005]: «The effects of state R&D tax credits in stimulating private R&D expenditure: a cross-state empirical analysis», Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24 (4), págs. 785-802.
Zhu, P.; Xu, W. y Lundin, N. [2006]: «The impact of government’s funding and tax incentives on industrial R&D investments. Empirical evidences from industrial sectors in Shanghai», China Economic Review, 17 (1), págs. 51-69.
