La empresa española y las prácticas de alto rendimiento en recursos humanos. Un análisis a través de los directores de recursos humanos de AEDIPE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rtss.2006.5795Resumen
Tras la entrada con fuerza del enfoque estratégico en el área de recursos humanos (en lo que se ha venido a denominar en castellano Dirección Estratégica de Recursos Humanos), el mundo académico inició hace veinte años un esfuerzo significativo para intentar justificar teóricamente la importancia del factor humano en la organización. A este esfuerzo le siguió uno todavía más considerable, que buscaba demostrar empíricamente las disquisiciones teóricas desarrolladas hasta el momento, para con ello facilitar el difícil salto de los principios estratégicos de los recursos humanos desde las aulas a los despachos de las empresas. Estos dos esfuerzos se vieron claramente influidos por la llegada de la Teoría de Recursos y Capacidades, que proporciona un marco ideal para integrar las reflexiones en ocasiones un tanto deslavazadas e inconexas que habían estado ligando hasta el momento las prácticas de recursos humanos con las ventajas competitivas de las empresas.
Este sólido cuerpo de literatura sigue creciendo con fuerza año tras año, pretendiendo dar respuesta a preguntas complejas: ¿hay conexión entre las prácticas de recursos humanos y los resultados de la empresa? ¿Depende esta conexión del contexto estratégico de la empresa? ¿Hay prácticas de recursos humanos que siempre son beneficiosas para el rendimiento de la empresa independientemente de la estrategia competitiva que ésta haya implementado? ¿Las empresas tienden a utilizar grupos de prácticas de recursos humanos homogéneos?...
Dos marcos teóricos se han asentado en la literatura al intentar sistematizar las respuestas a estas preguntas: el contingente y el universalista *. Sin extendernos en su exposición, lo que supondría adelantarnos a la primera parte del trabajo que realiza una revisión de dichos enfoques, conviene plantear que el marco contingente defiende la estrecha relación causal entre las estrategias competitivas y las prácticas de recursos humanos adoptadas por las empresas, el marco universalista defiende la existencia de una serie de prácticas de recursos humanos siempre adecuadas y el marco configuracional defiende que con el tiempo las empresas adoptan grupos de prácticas de recursos humanos estables.
El objetivo de la parte empírica de esta investigación es contrastar estos tres enfoques en la realidad del tejido empresarial español. Con una muestra de 184 medianas y grandes empresas españolas, se presentan los resultados descriptivos de sus prácticas de recursos humanos, de sus variables de diseño organizativo y de sus opciones en materia de estrategia competitiva.
Agencias de apoyo
Esta investigación ha sido subvencionada por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, proyecto SEJ2005-045553
Descargas
Citas
Adler, P.S. y Borys B. [1996]: «Two types of bureaucracy: enabling and coercive». Administrative Science Quarterly 41: 61-89.
Adler, P.S. y Kwon, S.W. [2002]: «Social capital: Prospects for a new concept». Academy of Management Review, 27: 17-40.
Aiken, M. y Hage, J. [1966]: «Organizational alienation: A comparative analysis». American Sociological Review, 31: 497-507.
Aldrich, H.E. [1999]: Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Arches, J. [1991]: «Social structure, burnout, and job satisfaction». Social Work, 36 (3): 202-206.
Arthur, J.B. [1992]: «The link between business strategy and industrial relations systems in American steel minimills». Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45: 488-506.
– [1994]: «Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover». Academy of Management Journal, 37 (3): 670-687.
Ashmos, D.P., McDaniel, R.R. y Duchon D. [1990]: «Differences in perception of strategic decision-making processes: The case of physicians and administrators». Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 26: 201-218.
Bae, J. y Lawler, J.J. [2000]: «Organizational and HRM strategies in Korea: Impact on firm performance in an emerging economy». Academy of Management Journal, 43: 502-518.
Bae, J. y Yu, G.-C. [2005]: «HRM configurations in Korean venture firms: resource availability, institutional force and strategic choice perspectives». The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, 9, 1.759-1.782.
Bagozzi, R.P. y Yi, Y. [1988]: «On the evaluation of structural equation models». Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16: 74-94.
Barney, J.B. [1991]: «Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage». Journal of Management, 17 (1): 99-120.
Baum, J.R. y Wally, S. [2003]: «Strategic decision speed and firm performance». Strategic Management Journal, 24 (11): 1.107.
Becker, B. y Gerhart, B. [1996]: «The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects». Academy of Management Journal, 39: 779-801.
Becker, B.E. y Huselid, M.A. [1998]: «High Performance Work Systems and Firm Performance: a Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications». In Rowland, K.M. and Ferris, G.R. (eds.) Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press: 53-101.
Beer, M., Spector, B., Lawrence, P., Mills, D.Q. y Walton, R. [1985]: Human Resource Management: A General Managers Perspective, Free Press, New York.
Bentler, P.M. [1990]: «Comparative fit indexes in structural models». Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
Bird, A. y Beechler, S. [1994]: «Links between business strategy and human resource management strategy in U.S.-based Japanese subsidiaries: An empirical investigation». Journal of International Business Studies, 26: 23-46.
Bowen, D.E. y Ostroff, C. [2004]: «Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of the "strength" of the HRM system». Academy of Management Review, 29: 203-221.
Cappelli, P. y Newmark, D. [2001]: «Do "high performance" work practices improve establishment level outcomes?» Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54: 737-775.
Cappelli, P., Singh, H. [1992]: «Integrating strategic human resources and strategic management». In D. Lewin, O.S. Mitchell, & P.D. Sherer (eds.), Research frontiers in industrial relations and human resources: 165-192. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association.
Cardinal, L.B. [2001]: «Technological innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: Managing research and development using input, behavior, and output controls». Organization Science, 12: 19-36.
Cardinal, L.B., Sitkin, S.B., y Long, C.P. [2004]: «Balancing and Rebalancing in the Creation and Evolution of Organizational Control». Organization Science, 15 (4): 411.
Chadwick, C. y Cappelli, P. [1999]: «Alternatives to Generic Strategy Typologies in Strategic Human Resource Management». In Wright, P.M., Dyer, L.D., Boudreau, J.W. and Milkovich, G.T. (eds.) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Supplement 4. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1-30.
Chandler, A.D. [1962]: Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Collins, C.J. y Clark. K,D. [2003]: «Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage». Academy of Management Journal, 46: 740-751.
Collis, D.J. y Montgomery, C.A. [1995]: Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, 73 (4): 118-120.
Cyert, R.M. y March, J.G. [1963]: A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Datta, D.K., Guthrie, J.P. y Wright, P.M. [2005]: «Human resource management and labor productivity: does industry matter?» Academy of Management Journal, 48 (1):135.
Delaney, J.T. y Huselid, M. [1996]: «The impact of human resource practices on perceptions of organizational performance». Academy of Management Journal, 39, 949-969.
Delery, J.E. y Doty, D.H. [1996]: «Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions». Academy of Management Journal, 39 (4): 802-836.
Delery, J.E. y Shaw, J.D. [2001]: The strategic management of people in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and extension. G.R. Ferris (ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management: Vol. 20, 167-197.Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
Deming, W.E. [1986]: Out of the Crisis. Cambridge. MA: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study.
Denison, D.R. [1996]: «What is the difference between organizational culture and organizational climate? A native’s point of view on a decade of paradigm wars». Academy of Management Review, 21 (3): 619-654.
Dess, G. [1987]: «Consensus on strategy formulation and organizational performance: competitors in a fragmented industry». Strategic Management Journal, 8 (3), 259-277.
Dess, G. y Robinson, R.B. [1984]: «Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: the case of privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit». Strategic Management Journal, 5 (3): 265-273.
Dess, G.G. y Davis, P.S. [1984]: Porter's (1980) «Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance». Academy of Management Journal. 27 (3): 467-489.
Dillman D. [1978]. Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method. Wiley: New York.
Edstrom, A. y Galbraith, J. [1977]: «Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations». Administrative Science Quarterly, 22: 248-263.
Ferris, G.R., Arthur, M.M., Berkson, H.M., Kaplan, D.M., Harrell-Cook, G. y Frink, D.W. [1998]. «Toward a social context theory of the human resource management-organization effectiveness relationship». Human Resource Management Review, 8: 235-264.
Ferris, G.R, Hochwarter, W.A., Buckley, M.R., Harrell-Cook, G. y Frink, D.D. [1999]. «Human resources management: Some new directions». Journal of Management, 25 (3): 385.
Fombrum, C.J., Tichy, N.M. y Devanna, M.A. [1984]: Strategic Human Resource Management. New York, J. Wiley & Sons. Jackson, SE., Schuler, R.S. [1995]: «Understanding Human Resource Management in the Context of Organizations and Their Environments». Annual Review of Psychology, 46: 237-264.
Fornell, C. y Larcker, D. [1981]: «Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error». Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 39-50.
Galbraith, J.R. [1973]: Designing complex organizations. Reading, M.A.: Addison-Wesley.
– [1977]: Organization design. Reading, M.A.: Addison-Wesley.
Galbraith, J.R. y Kazanjian, R. [1986]: Strategy implementation: The role of structure in process. St. Paul: West Publishing.
Galbraith, J.R. y Lawler, E.E. [1993]. Organizing for the future: The new logic for Managing Complex Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Gerhart, B., Wright, P.M., McMahan, G.C. y Snell, S.A. [2000]: «Measurement error in research on the human resources and firm performance: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates?» Personnel Psychology, 53: 803-834.
Ghoshal, S. y Moran, P. [1996]: «Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory». Academy of Management Review, 21: 13-47.
Gordon, G.G. y DiTomaso, N. [1992]: «Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture». Journal of Management Studies, 29: 783-799.
Govindarajan, V. y Fisher, F. [1990]: «Strategy, control systems, and resource sharing: Effects on business unit performance». Academy of Management Journal, 33 (2): 259-285.
Gupta, A.K. [1987]: «SBU Strategies, Corporate-SBU Relations, and SBU Effectiveness in Strategy Implementation», Academy of Management Journal, 30: 477-500.
Guthrie, J.P. [2001]: «High Involvement Work Practices, Turnover and Productivity: Evidence from New Zealand». Academy of Management Journal, 44: 180-90.
Guthrie, J.P., Spell, C.S. y Nyamori, R.O. [2002]: «Correlates and consequences of high involvement work practices: The role of competitive strategy». International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13: 183-197.
Hage, J. y Aiken, M. [1967]: «Program change and organizational properties: a comparative analysis». American Journal of Sociology, 72, 503-519.
Hair, J.F., Anderson R.E., Tatham, R.L. y Black, W.C. [1998]: Multivariate data analysis (5.th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hambrick, D.C. [1983]: «Some Tests of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow's Strategy Types», Academy of Management Journal, 26: 5-26.
Hamel, G. y Prahalad, C.K. [1994]: Competing for the Future. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA.
Hansen, M.T. [1999]: «The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organizational subunits». Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 82-111.
Hart, S. y Banbury, C. [1994]: «How strategic planning systems can make a difference». Strategic Management Journal, 15 (1): 251-270.
Hermalin, B.E. [2001]: «Economics and corporate culture». In S. Cartwright, C.L. Cooper, and P.C. Earley (eds.), Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, New York: Wiley: 217-261.
Huselid, M.A. [1995]: «The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance». Academy of Management Journal, 38 (3): 635-672.
Huselid, M.A. y Becker, B.E. [1996]: «Methodological issues in cross-sectional and panel estimates of the HR-firm performance link». Industrial Relations, 35: 400-422.
– [2000]: «Comment on "Measurement error in research on human resources and firm performance: How much error is there and how does it influence effect size estimates?"» by B. Gerhart, P. M. Wright, G.C. McMahan, and S.A. Snell. Personnel Psychology, 53: 835-854.
Huselid, M.A., Jackson, S.E. y Schuler, R.S. [1997]: «Technical and strategic human resource management effectiveness as determinants of firm performance». Academy of Management Journal, 40: 171-188.
Ichniowski, C., Shaw K. y Prennushi, G. [1997]. «The effects of human resources management practices on productivity: A study of steel finishing lines». American Economic Review, 87 (3): 291-313.
Jackson, S.E. y Schuler, R.S. [1985]: «A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings». Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 36: 16-78.
Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. y Rivero, J.C. [1989]: «Organizational Characteristics as Predictors of Personnel Practices», Personnel Psychology, 42: 727-786.
Joreskog, K.G. y Sorbom, D. [1993]: LISREL 8 User's Reference Guide. Scientific Software: Chicago, IL.
Jung, D.I. y Avolio, B.J. [1999]: «Effects of leadership style and followers' cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions». Academy of Management Journal, 42: 208-218.
Kakabadse, A. [1986]. «Organizational alienation and job climate». Small Group Behavior, 17: 458-471.
Khandwalla, P.N. [1977]: The Design of Organizations. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York.
Kim, L. y Lim, Y. [1988]: «Environment, generic strategies, and performance in a rapidly developing country: A taxonomic approach». Academy of Management Journal, 31: 802-827.
Kirsch, E.J. [1997]: «Portfolios of control modes and IS project management». Information Systems Research, 8: 215-239.
Kirsch, L.J. [1996]: «The management of complex tasks in organizations: Controlling the systems development process». Organizational Science, 7: 1-21.
Kline, R.B. [1998]: Principles and Practice of Structural Equations Modelling. Guilford Press: New York.
Koch, M.J. y McGrath, M.C. [1996]: «Improving labor productivity: Human resource management policies do matter». Strategic Management Journal, 17: 335-354.
Kochan, T. y Osterman, P. [1994]. The Mutual Gains Enterprise. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Kopelman, R.E., Brief, A.P. y Guzzo, R.A. [1990]: «The role of climate and culture in productivity». In B. Schneider (ed.), Organizational climate and culture, 282-318. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kotter, J. [1982]: «What effective general managers really do». Harvard Business Review, 60 (2), 157-169.
Kotter, J.R. y Heskett, J.L. [1992]: Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: Free Press.
Lado, A.A. y Wilson, M.C. [1994]: Human resources systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19: 699-727.
Lahteenmaki, S., Storey, J. y Vanhala, S. [1998]: HRM and company performance: The use of measurement and the influence of economic cycles. Human Resource Management Journal. 8 (2): 51-65.
Lawler, J.J., Anderson, R.W. y Buckles, R.J. [1995]: Human resource management and organizational effectiveness. In G.R. Ferris, S.D. Rosen, & D.T. Barnum (eds.), Handbook of human resource management: 630-649. Cambridge, M.A: Blackwell.
Lawrence, P.R. y Lorsch, J.W. [1967]: Organization and Environment: Managing Differentiation and Integration. Harvard Business School: Boston, MA.
Leana, C.R. y Van Buren, H.J. [1999]: «Organizational social capital and employment practices». Academy of Management Review, 24: 538-555.
Lee, J. y Miller, D. [1999]: «People matter: Commitment to employees, strategy and performance in Korean firms». Strategic Management Journal, 20 (6): 579.
Lee, M.B. y Chee, Y. [1996]: «Business strategy, participative human resource management and organizational performance: The case of South Korea». Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34: 77-94
Lepak, D.P. y Snell, S.A. [2002]: «Examining the human resource architecture: The relationships among human capital, employment, and human resource configurations». Journal of Management, 28: 517-543.
Levine, D. [1995]. Reinventing the Workplace: How Business and Employers Can Both Win. Brookings Institution Press.
Lin, X. y Germain, R. [2003]: «Organizational structure, context, customer orientation and performance: lessons from chinese state-owned enterprises». Strategic Management Journal, 24 (11): 1.131.
MacDuffie, J.P. [1995]. «Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: Organizational logic and flexible production systems in the world auto industry». Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48: 197-221.
Makhija, M.V. y Ganesh, U. [1997]: «The relationship between control and partner learning-related joint ventures». Organization Science, 8: 508-527.
Martinez, J.I. y Jarillo, J.C. [1991]: Coordination Demands of International Strategies. Journal of International Business Studies, 22 (3): 429-445.
Merchant, K.A. [1985]: Control in Business Organizations. Pitman Publishing, Marshfield, MA.
Michaels, R.E. y Cron, W.L, Dubinsky, A.J. y Joachimsthaler, E.A. [1988]: «Influence of formalization on the organizational commitment and work alienation of salespeople and industrial buyers». Journal of Marketing Research, 25: 376-383.
Miles, M.B. y Huberman, A.M. [1984]: Qualitative Data Analysis. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
Miles, R.E. y Snow, C.C. [1978]: Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. McGraw-Hill: New York.
– [1984]: «Designing strategic human resource systems». Organizational Dynamics, 13 (1): 36-52.
Miller, D. [1988]: Relating Porter's Business Strategies To Environment And St. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (2): 280-309.
Mintzberg, H. [1979]: The Structuring of Organizations. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Morse, N.C. y Reimer, E. [1956]. «The experimental change of a major organization variable». Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 52: 120-129.
Nadler, D. y Tushman, M. [1988]: Strategic organizational design. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Co.
– [1997]: Competing by Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nahapiet, J. y Ghoshal, S. [1998]: «Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage». Academy of Management Review, 23: 242-266.
Neal, A., West, M.A. y Patterson, M.G. [2005]: «Do Organizational Climate and Competitive Strategy Moderate the Relationship Between Human Resource Management and Productivity?» Journal of Management, 31 (4): 492.
Nohria, N. y Ghoshal, S. [1994]: «Differentiated fit and shared values: Alternatives for managing headquarters-subsidiary relations». Strategic Management Journal, 15: 491-502.
Norusis, M.J. [1990]. SPSS Base System User's Guide. SPSS: Chicago, IL.
Olian, J.D. y Rynes, S.L. [1984]: «Organizational staffing: Integrating practice with strategy». Industrial Relations, 23: 170-183.
O'Reilly, C. y Chatman, J.A. [1996]: «Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment». In B. M. Staw & L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Stamford, CT: JAI Press: 287-365.
Ostroff, C. [2000]: «Human resource management and firm performance». Working paper. Arizona State University.
Ostroff y Schmith [1993]: «Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency». Academy of Management Journal, 6, 1.345-1.361.
Ouchi, W.G. [1977]: «The relationship between organizational structure and organizational control». Administrative Science Quarterly, 22: 95-113.
– [1980]: «Markets, bureaucracies, and clans». Administrative Science Quarterly, 25: 129-141.
Perrow, C. [1970]: Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
Pfeffer, J. [1994] Competitive Advantage Through People. Boston: MA: Harvard Business School Press.
– [1982]: Organizations and organizational theory. Boston, MA: Pitman.
– [1998]: The Human Equation. Boston: MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Porter, M.E. [1980]: Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press.
– [1985]: Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press.
Powell, T.C. [1992]: «Strategic planning as competitive advantage». Strategic Management Journal,13 (7), págs. 551-558.
Powell, T.C. y Dent-Micallef, A. [1997]: Information technology as competitive advantage: the role of human, business and technology resources. Strategic Management Journal 18 (5): 375-405.
Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R. [1969]: «An empirical taxonomy of work organization structures». Administrative Science Quarterly, 14: 115-126.
Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R. y Turner, C. [1968]: «Dimensions of organization structure». Administrative Science Quarterly, 13: 65-105.
Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R., Turner, C. y Lupton, T. [1963]: «A conceptual scheme for organizational analysis». Administrative Science Quarterly, 8: 289-315.
Robertson, D. y Ulrich, K. [1998]: «Planning for product platforms». Sloan Management Journal, 39 (4): 19-32.
Rothaermel, F.T. y Deeds, D. [2004]: Exploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: a system of new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 25 (3): 201.
Rousseau, D.M. [1978]: «Characteristics of departments, positions, and individuals: Contexts for attitudes and behavior». Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 521-540.
– [1990]: «Assessing Organizational Culture: The Case for Multiple Methods». In Schneider, Benjamin ed. Organizational Climate and Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers: 153-192.
Sánchez, R. [1995]: «Strategic flexibility in product competition». Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 16: 135-159.
Schonberger, R.I. [1986]: World Class Manufacturing. New York: Free Press.
Schuler, R.S. [1988]: «Human resource management choices and organizational strategy». In R.S. Schuler, S.A. Youngblood, & V.L. Huber (eds.), Readings in personnel and human resource management (3.rd ed.): 24-39. St. Paul: West.
– [1989]: «Strategic human resource management and industrial relations». Human Relations, 42: 157-184.
Schuler, R.S. y Jackson, S.E. [1987]: Linking Competitive Strategies With Human Resource Managem. The Academy of Management Executive, 1 (3): 207-220.
Short, J.C., Ketchen, D.J. y Palmer, T.B. [2002]: «The role of sampling in strategic management research on performance: a two-study analysis». Journal of Management, 28 (3): 363-385.
Simon, H.A. [1976]: Administrative Behavior (3.rd edn). Free Press: New York.
Sitkin, S.B. y Bies, R.J. [1994]: «The legalization of organizations: A multi-theoretical perspective». In S.B. Sitkin, R.J. Bies, eds. The Legalistic Organization. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 19-49.
Sitkin, S.B., Sutcliffe, K.M. y Schroeder, R.G. [1994]: «Distinguishing control from learning in total quality management: A contingency perspective». Academy of Management Review, 19: 537-565.
Smith, K.G., Smith, K.A., Olian, J., Sims, H., O'Bannon, D. y Scully, J. [1994]: «Top management team demography and process: the role of social integration and communication». Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 412-438.
Snell, S.A., Youndt, M.A. y Wright, P.M. [1996]: «Establishing a framework for research in strategic human resource management. Merging resource theory and organisational learning». In G. Ferris (ed.) Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 14: 61-90.
Sorensen, J.B. [2002]: The strength of corporate culture and the reliability of firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47 (1): 70.
Steensma, H.K. y Lyles, M.A. [2000]: «Explaining IJV survival in a transition economy through social exchange and knowledge-based perspectives». Strategic Management Journal, 21: 831-851.
Teece, D.J., Pisano, G. y Shuen, A. [1997]: Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7): 509.
Terpstra, D.E. y Rozell, E.J. [1993]: «The relationship of staffing practices to organizational level measures of performance». Personnel Psychology, 46, 27-48.
Thompson, J.D. [1967]: Organizations in Action. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Tichy, N.M., Fombrun, C.J. y Devanna, M.A. [1984]: Strategic Human Resource Management. New York. Wiley.
Uhl-Bien, M., Graen, G. y Scandura, T. [2000]: «Implications of leader-member exchange (LMX) for strategic human resource management systems: Relationships as social capital for competitive advantage». In G. R. Ferris (ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 18: 137-185. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Ulrich, D. [1998]: «A new mandate for human resources». Harvard Business Review, 76 (1): 124.
Venkatraman, N. y Ramanujam, V. [1987]: «Measurement of business economic performance: an examination of method convergence». Journal of Management, 13: 109-122.
Way, S.A. [2002]: High performance work systems and intermediate indicators of firm performance within the US small business sector. Journal of Management, 28 (6): 765.
Welch, D.E. y Welch, L.S. [2006]: «Commitment for hire? The viability of corporate culture as a MNC control mechanism». International Business Review, 15: 14-28.
Wernerfelt, B. [1984]: «A Resource-Based View of the Firm». Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2): 171-181.
White, R.E. [1986]: «Generic business strategies, organizational context and performance: An empirical investigation». Strategic Management Journal, 7: 217-231.
Wilson, N. y Peel, M.J. [1991]: «The Impact on Absenteeism and Quits of Pro. t-sharing and Other Forms of Employee Participation». Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 44: 454-68.
Wooldridge, B. y Floyd, S.W. [1990]: «The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance». Strategic Management Journal, 11: 231-241.
Worren, N., Moore, K. y Cardona, P. [2002]: «Modularity, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: A study of the home appliance industry». Strategic Management Journal, 23 (12): 1.123.
Wright, P.M. y Snell, S.A. [1991]: «Toward an integrative view of strategic human resource management». Human Resource Management Review, 1 (3): 203-225.
– [1998]: «Toward a unifying framework for exploring fit and flexibility in strategic human resource management». Academy of Management Review, 23 (4): 756-772.
