Public policies on work-life balance: a historical review

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of work-life balance policies in Spain as a key instrument for advancing gender equality and the social reorganization of time. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach that combines perspectives from law, sociology, and economics, the study analyzes the main theoretical frameworks and their transition from a maternalistic paradigm towards a broader one centered on the fundamental principle of co-responsibility. The paper surveys public work-life balance policies, encompassing both general and sectoral measures –in areas such as education, healthcare, social services, and public administration– after tracing the evolution of the legal framework that has facilitated their development, comprising Spanish laws and regulations alongside European directives. The study also includes a brief comparative law overview, which is useful for assessing Spain's progress and current situation.

In analyzing some of the primary measures adopted, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements, the article identifies barriers and obstacles that often prevent these policies from achieving their intended effects. These impediments arise from factors such as economic inequalities and organizational and cultural resistance.

The discussion highlights the gap between the formal recognition of the right to work-life balance and its effective implementation. It concludes that achieving comprehensive work-life balance necessitates moving beyond the legislative framework. The article emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that articulates legislation, public services, and institutional transformation, while simultaneously fostering societal progress in gender equality and co-responsibility to ensure a genuine, effective, and equitable work-life balance.