Ajuste internacional del expatriado
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rtss.2005.8969Abstract
Este trabajo ha sido seleccionado y ha obtenido el 1.er Premio Estudios Financieros 2005 en la Modalidad de Recursos humanos.
El campo de los recursos humanos internacionales es objeto de estudio desde hace varias décadas, pero en el último cuarto del pasado siglo tanto el número como la relevancia de estos estudios han experimentado un importante crecimiento, determinado en gran parte por los efectos y cambios que en la empresa provoca la desaparición de las fronteras económicas.
La mayoría de las empresas hoy día son conscientes de que el desarrollo de capacidades globales o internacionales será crítica para poder competir en el panorama empresarial futuro. Estas capacidades, además, constituyen para las empresas una fuente de ventaja competitiva. Tanto teóricos como prácticos de la Dirección Internacional de Recursos Humanos señalan que las asignaciones internacionales son la herramienta más eficaz de desarrollo de las capacidades globales.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar las asignaciones internacionales de personal en las empresas, haciendo especial hincapié en la forma en que éstas son diseñadas y dirigidas para que concluyan con éxito. Se clarifica el concepto de éxito de dichas asignaciones, los factores que lo determinan y su repercusión en la carrera profesional del expatriado. Todo ello, sin perder de vista en todo el trabajo la importancia estratégica del capital humano internacional para la empresa.
Downloads
References
Aaker, D. [1989]: «Managing assets and skills: The key to a sustainable competitive advantage». California Management Review, Winter, págs. 91-106.
Adler, N. [1995]: «Expatriate women managers». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, págs. 255-275.
— [2001]: «Global leadership: women leaders». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl, (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 73-99.
Adler, N. y Bartholomew, S. [1992]: «Managing globally competent people». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 6, núm. 3, págs. 52-64.
Allen, D. y Álvarez, S. [1998]: «Empowering expatriates and organizations to improve repatriation effectiveness». Human Resource Planning, vol. 21, núm. 4, págs. 29-39.
Ajami, R. [1983]: «Attitude of US Workers toward foreign owned multinational enterprises». Management International Review, vol. 23, núm. 4, págs. 53-63.
Arthur, M. y Rousseau, D. [1996 a]: «A career lexicon for the 21st Century». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 10, núm. 4, págs. 28-39.
— [1996 b]: The Boundaryless career: a new employment principle for a new organizational era. New York Oxford University Press.
Aycan, Z. [1997]: New approaches to employee management. Greenwich, Jai Press.
— [2001]: «Expatriation: a critical step toward developing global leaders». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books.
Baliga y Baker [1985]: «MNC corporative policies for expatriate managers: selection, evaluation». Advanced Manager Journal, vol. 50, núm. 4, págs. 35-46.
Bandura, A. [1977], en Good, T.L. y Brophy, J.E. [1985]: Psicología Educacional, México Interamericana, pág. 112, y Morris, D.G. y Maisto, A.A. [1979]: Introducción a la Psicología. New York Prentice Hall.
Barney, J. [1991]: «Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage». Journal of Management, vol. 17, núm. 1, págs. 99-120.
Barney, J. y Wright, M. [1998]: «On becoming a strategic partner: The role of human resources in gaining competitive advantage». Human Resource Management, vol. 37, núm. 1, págs. 31-46.
Baron, J. y Kreps, D. [1999]: «Consistent human resource practices». California Management Review, vol. 41, núm. 3, págs. 29-53.
Bartlett, C. y Ghoshal, S. [1990]: «Matrix management: Not a structure, a frame of mind». Harvard Business Review, July-August, págs. 138-145.
— [1992]: «What is a global manager?». Harvard Business Review, vol. 70, núm. 5, págs. 124-133.
Bauer, T. y Green, S. [1996]: «Development of leader member exchange: a longitudinal test». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 39, núm. 6, págs. 1.538-1.567.
Baughn, C. [1995]: «Personal organizational factors associated with effective repatriation». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, págs. 215-230.
Beck, J.E. [1988]: «Expatriate management development: Realizing the learning potential of the overseas assignment». Academy of Management Proceedings, págs. 21-16.
Becker, B., Huselid, M., Pickus, P. y Spratt, M. [1998]: «Los RR.HH. como fuente de valor para los accionistas: investigación y recomendaciones». En Ulrich, D., Lorey, D. y Lake, G. [2000]: El futuro de los Recursos Humanos, Gestión: Aedipe.
Bender, S. y Fish, A. [2000]: «The transfer of knowledge and the retention of expertise: the continuing need for global assignments». Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 4, núm. 2, págs. 125-138.
Bennett, R., Aston, A. y Colquhoun, T. [2000]: «Crosscultural training: a critical satp in ensuring the success of international assignments». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núms. 2 y 3, págs. 239-250.
Black, J.S. [1990]: «The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese Expatriate Managers». Management International Review, vol. 30, núm. 2, págs. 119-134.
— [1991a]: «When Yankee comes home: factors related to expatriate and spouse repatriation adjustment». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 22, núm. 4, págs. 671-695.
— [1991b]: «The other half of the picture: antecedents of spouse cross cultural adjustment». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 22, núm. 3, págs. 461-467.
— [1991c]: «A tale of three countries». Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Miami. En Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall y Stroh, [1999]: Globalizing People through International Assignments. Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
— [1992]: «Coming Home: the relationship of expatriate expectations with repatriation adjustment and job performance». Human Relations, vol. 45, págs. 177-192.
— [1994]: «O Kaerinasai: factors related to japanese repatriation adjustment». Human Relations, vol. 47, núm. 1, págs. 489-508.
— [1988]: «Work role transitions: a study of American expatriate managers in Japan». Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter, págs. 277-294.
— [2000]: «High impact training: forging leaders for the global frontier». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núms. 2/3. págs, 173-184
Black, S. y Gregersen, H. [1991]: «The other half of the picture: antecedents of spouse crosscultural adjustment». Journal of International Business Studies, Third Quarter, págs. 462-477.
— [1999]: «The right way to manage expats». Harvard Business Review, March-April, págs. 52-62.
Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall y Stroh [1999]: Globalizing People through International Assignments, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Black, J.S. y Mendenhall, M. [1991]: «The Ucurve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework». Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter, págs. 225-247.
Black, J. y Stephens, G.K. [1989]: «The influence of the spouse on expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments». Journal of Management, vol. 15, núm 4; págs. 529-545.
Black, J., Gregersen, H. y Mendenhall, M. [1992]: «Toward a theoretical framework of repatriation adjustment». Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, págs. 737-760.
Black, J. Mendenhal, M. y Oddou, G. [1991]: «Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: an integration of multiple theoretical perspectives». Academy of Management Review, vol. 16, núm. 2, págs. 291-317.
Bigoness, W. y Blakely, G. [1996]: «A crossnational study of managerial values». Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, págs. 739-752.
Bird, A. [2001]: «International Assignments and careers as repositories of knowledge». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl, (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books; págs. 19-36.
Bird, A., Gunz, H. y Arthur, M. [2002]: «Careers in a complex world: the research for new perspectives from the "New Science"». M@n@gement, vol. 5, núm. 1, págs. 1-14.
Birdseye, M. y Hill, J. [1995]: «Individual organizational/work and environmental influences on expatriate turnover tendencies: an empirical study». Journal of International Business Studies, Fourth Quarter, págs. 787-813.
Birkinshaw, J. y Hood, N. [1998]: «Multinational subsidiary evolution: capability and charter change in foreignowned subsidiary companies». Academy of Management Review, vol. 23, núm. 4, págs. 773-795.
Bolino, M. y Feldman, D. [2000]: «Increasing the skill utilization of expatriates». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núm. 4, Winter, págs. 367-379.
Bonache, J. [2000a]: «The International Transfer of an Idea Suggestion System. Against radical relativism in international Human Resource Management». International Studies of Management and Organization, vol. 29, núm. 4, págs. 24-44.
— [2000b]: «El sistema de recursos humanos en las filiales de las multinacionales». Boletín Económico de ICE, núm. 2644, 21-27 de febrero, págs. 29-48.
— [2002]: «La gestión de expatriados». En J. Bonache y Á. Cabrera (Dirs.): Dirección estratégica de personas. Prentice Hall-Financial Times, págs. 379-398.
Bonache, J. y Brewster, C. [1999a]: «Knowledge transfer and the management of Expatriation». Paper in 2nd International Workshop on Organization of the Future in the «Information Society»: Managing Change, Human Resources and Structure. Cádiz, May; págs. 25-28
— [1999 b]: «Knowledge transfer and the management of Expatriation». Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 43, núm. 1, págs.145-168.
Bonache, J., Fernández-Mateo y García-Romeo, [2001]: «Aspectos positivos y negativos de los destinos internacionales. Un estudio empírico en una multinacional española». ICADE, núm. 54, septiembre-diciembre.
Borstorff, P., Harris, S., Feild, H. y Giles, F. [1998]: «Who'll go? A review of factors associated with employee willingness to work overseas». Human Resource Planing, vol. 20, págs. 29-41.
Boudreau, M.C., Loch, K., Robey, D. y Straud, D. [1998]: «Going global: using information technology to advance the competitiveness of the virtual transnational organization». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 12, núm. 4, págs. 120-128.
Boyacigiller, N. [1990]: «The role of expatriates in the management of interdependence, complexity and risk in multinational corporations». Journal of International Business Studies, Third Quarter, págs. 357-381.
Brett, J. y Stroh, L. [1995]: «Willingness to recolocate internationally». Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 34, págs. 405-424.
Brewster, C. [1995]: «Effective expatriate training». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books; págs. 57-71.
Brislin, R. [1981]: Cross Cultural Encounters: Face to Face Interaction, New York: Pergamon Press.
Brown, C. y Reich, M. [1997]: «Developing skills and pay through career ladders: lessons from Japanese and US companies». California Management Review, vol. 39, núm. 2, págs.124-144.
Caelli, P. [1999]: «Career jobs are dead». California Management Review, vol. 42, núm. 1, págs. 146-166.
Caligiuri, P.M. [1997]: «Assessing expatriate success: beyond just "being there"». En Aycan, Z., Expatriate management: theory and research, Jai Press, vol. 4, págs. 117-140.
Caligiuri, P. y Cascio, W. [1998]: «Can we send her there? Maximizing the success of western women on global assignments». Journal of World Business, vol. 33, núm. 4, págs. 394-416.
Caligiuri P. y Lazarova, M. [2001]: «Strategic repatriation policies to enhance global leadership development». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl, (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books; págs. 243-257.
Caligiuri, P. y Di Santo, V. [2001]: «Global competence: what is it, and can it be developed through global assignments?». Human Resource Planing, vol. 24, núm. 3, págs. 27-35.
Caligiuri, P. y Tung, R. [1999]: «Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a US based multinational company». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 10, núm 5, págs. 763-782.
Campion, M., Cheraskin, L. y Stevens, M. [1994]: «Career related antecedents and outcomes of job rotation». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 37, núm 6, págs. 1.518-1.542.
Carpenter, M., Sanders, W. y Gregersen, H. [2001]: «Bundling human capital with organizational context: the impact of international assignment experience on multinational firm performance and ceo pay». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, núm. 3, págs. 493-511.
Chattopadhyay, P., Glick, W. y Huber, G. [2001]: «Organizational actions in response to threats and oportunities». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, núm. 5, págs. 937-955.
Christopher, P. [1994]: «Self or group? Cultural effects of training on self efficacy and performance». Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 39, págs. 89-117.
Church, A. [1982]: «Sojouner adjustment». Psychollogical Bulletin, núm. 91, págs. 340-372.
Cohen, E. [1977]: «Expatriate communities». Current sociology/sociologies contemporaine, vol. 24, núm. 3, págs. 51-33.
Coyne, K. [1986]: «Sustainable competitive advantage-What it is, What it isn't». Business Horizons, January/February, págs. 54-61.
Daily, C., Certo, S. y Dalton, D. [2000]: «International experience in the executive suite: the path to prosperity?». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 21, págs. 515-523.
Dawis, R.V. y Lofquist, L.H. [1984]: A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
De León, C. y McPartlin, D. [1995]: «Adjustment of expatriate children». En Selmer, J., Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business. Quorum Books; págs. 197-214.
De Long, D. y Fahey, L. [2000]: «Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 14, núm. 4, págs. 113-127.
Díaz Mier, M.Á. (Coord.) [2003]: Negocios internacionales, Pirámide.
Downes, M. [1999]: «Managing overseas assignments to build organizational knowledge». Human Resource Planning, vol. 22, núm. 4, págs. 33-48.
Doz, Y. y Prahalad, C. [1981]: «An approach to strategic control in MNCs». Sloan Management Review, vol. 22, núm. 4, págs. 5-14.
Edström, A. y R. Galbraith, J. [1977]: «Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations». Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 22, June, págs. 248-263.
Erera, I.P. [1992]: «Social Support under conditions of organizational ambiguity». Human Relations, vol. 45, núm. 3, págs. 247-260.
Feldman, D.C. [1988]: Managing careers in organizations. Glenview IL: Scott, Foresman.
Feldman, D. y Thomas, D. [1992]: «Career management issues facing expatriates». Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter, págs. 271-293.
Fernández, E., Montes, J.M. y Vázquez, C.J. [1997]: «La teoría de la ventaja competitiva basada en los recursos: Síntesis y estructura conceptual». Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, vol. 6, núm. 3, págs. 11-32.
Fernández, Z. y Suárez, I. [1996]: «La estrategia de la empresa desde una prespectiva basada en los recursos». Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, vol. 5, núm. 3, págs. 73-92.
Festing, M. [2001]: «The effects of Internactional Human Resource Management Strategies on global leadership development». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl, (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books; págs. 37-57.
Florkowski, G. y Fogel, D. [1999]: «Expatriate adjustment and commitment: the role of host unit treatment». The International Journal of Resource Management, vol. 10, núm. 5, págs. 783-807.
Forbes, J.B. y Piercy, J. [1991]: Corporate Mobility and Paths to the Top. Studies for Human Resource and Management Development Specialists. Quorum Books.
Forster, N. [1997]: «The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates: a reappraisal». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 8, págs. 414-433.
— [2000]: «The myth of the "international manager"». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 11, núm. 1, págs. 126-142.
— [2000 b]: «Expatriates and the impact of crosscultural trainign». Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 10, núm. 3, págs. 63-78.
Forster, N, y Johnsen, M. [1996]: «Expatriate Management Policies in UK Companies New to the International Scene». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 7, págs. 179-205.
Gómez-Mejía, L., Balkin, D. y Cardy, R. [2001]: Dirección y gestión de recursos humanos. Madrid Prentice Hall.
Gould, S. y Penley, L. [1985]: «A study of the correlates of the willingness to relocate». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 28, núm. 2, págs. 472-478.
Grant, M. [1991]: «The resourcebased theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation». California Management Review, Spring, págs. 114-135.
Gregersen, H. [1992 a]: «Commitments to a parent company and a local work unit during repatriation». Personnel Psychology, vol. 45, págs. 29-54.
— [1992 b]: «Organizational commitment during repatriation: the japanese and finnish experience». Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy Management, Las Vegas. En Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall y Stroh, [1999] Globalizing People through International Assignments, Addison Wesley.
Gregersen, H., Black, J. y Hite, J. [1995]: «Expatriate performance araisal: principles, practices, and challenges». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business. Quorum Books, págs. 173-195.
— [1996]: «Expatriate performance araisal: in US multinational firms». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 27, núm. 4, págs. 711-738.
Gregersen, H., Morrison, A. y Black, J. [1998]: «Developing leaders for the global frontier». Sloan Management Review, vol. 40, núm. 1, págs. 21-32.
Guisado, M. [2002 a]: «Internacionalización de la empresa». Pirámide.
— [2002 b]: «Estrategias de multinacionalización y políticas de la empresa» Pirámide.
Gunz, H. y Jalland, R. [1996]: «Managerial careers and business strategies». Academy of Management Review, vol. 21, núm. 3, págs. 718-756.
Gupta, A. y Govindarajan, V. [2001]: «Converting global presence into global competitive advantage». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 15, núm. 2, págs. 45-58.
Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A. y Elron, E. [1994]: «Expatriate Managers and the psychological contract». Journal of applied Psychology, vol. 79, núm. 4, págs. 617-626.
Haines III, V. [1999]: «Understanding reactions to international mobility policies and practices». Human Resource Planning, vol. 22, núm. 3, págs. 40-52.
Halcrow, A. [1999]: «Expats: The squandered resource». Workforce, April, págs. 42-48.
Hall, D. (1976): Careers in Organizations. Pacific Palisades, CA: Good year.
— [1995]: «Executive careers and learning: aligning selection, strategy, and development». Human Resource Planning, vol. 18, núm. 2, págs. 11-23.
— [1996]: «Protean careers of the 21st Century». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 10, núm. 4, págs. 8-16.
Hall, R. [1992]: «The strategic analysis of intangible resources». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 13, págs. 135-144.
— [1993]: «A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 14, págs. 607-618.
Hannon, J., Huang, I.C. y Jaw, B.S. [1995]: «International human resource strategy and its determinants: the case of subsidiaries in Taiwan». Journal of International Business, Third Quarter, págs. 531-554.
Harris, H. y Brewster, C. [1999], «The coffee-machine system: How international selection really works». The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 10, núm. 3, págs. 488-500.
Harvey, M. [1996]: «Addressing the dual career expatriation dilemma». Human Resource Planning, vol. 19, núm. 4, págs. 18-39.
Harvey, M., Buckley, M., Novicevic, M.M. y Wiese, D. [1999]: «Mentoring dual career expatriates: a sense making and sense giving social support process». The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 10, núm. 5, págs. 808-827.
Harvey, M., Novicevic M., y Speier, C. [2000]: «An innovative global management staffing system: a competency based perspective». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núm. 4, págs. 381-394.
Harvey, M., Speier, C. y Novicevic, M. [1999]: «The role of inpatriates in a globalization strategy and challenges associated with the inpatriation process». Human Resource Planning, vol. 22, núm. 1, págs. 38-51.
Harvey, M. y Wiese, D. [1998]: «Global dual career couple mentoring: a phase model approach». Human Resource Planning, vol. 2, núm. 2, págs. 33-48.
Harzing, A.K. [1995]: «The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rate». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 6, págs. 457-474.
Harzing, A.W. [2001]: «Of bears, bumble bees, and spiders: The role of expatriates in controlling foreign subsidiaries». Journal of World Business, vol. 36, núm. 4, págs. 366-379.
— [2001]: «Who's in Charge? An empirical study of executive staffing practices in foreign subsidiaries». Human Resource Management, vol. 40, núm. 2, pág. 139.
Hautaluoma J. y Kaman V. [1975]: «Description of Peace Corps volunteers' experience in Afghanistan». Topics in Culture Learning, vol. 3, págs. 79-96.
Hawes, F. y Kealey, D. [1981]: «An empirical study of Canadian technical assistance: Adaptation and effectiveness on overseas assignment». International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 5, núm. 239-258.
Hays, R.D. [1971 a]: «Adscribed behavioural determinants of success failure among expatriate managers». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 2, núm. 1, págs. 40-47.
— [1971 b]: «Expatriate selection: insuring success and avoiding failure». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 5, núm. 1, págs. 25-37.
Hegstad, C. [1999]: «Formal mentoring as a strategy for human resource development: a review of research». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 10, núm. 4, págs. 383-386.
Hofstede, G. [1983]: «The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories». Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, págs.75-90.
Hordes, M., Clancy, J. y Baddaley, J. [1995]: «A primer for global start-ups». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 9, núm. 2, págs. 7-11.
Hsieh, T., Lavoie, J. y Samek, R. [1999]: «Are you taking your expatriate talent seriously?». The McKinsey Quarterly, vol. 3, págs. 71-83.
Huselid, M., Jackson, S. y Schuler, R. [1997]: «Technical and strategic human resource management effectiveness as determinants of firm performance». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 40, núm. 1, págs. 171-188.
Hutchison, S., Sowa, D. Wisenberger, y R. Huntingt [1986]: «Perceived organizational suort». Journal of applied Psychology, vol. 71, núm. 3, págs. 500-507.
Johanson, J. y Vahlne, J. [1977]: «The internationalization process of the firm. A model of Knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8, núm. 1; págs. 23-33.
Jun, S., Gentry, J. y Hyun, Y. [2001]: «Cultural adaptation of business expatriates in the host marketplace». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, núm. 2, págs. 369-377.
Kamoche, K. [2000]: «Developing managers: the functional, the symbolic, the sacred and the profane». Organization Studies, núm. 21, vol. 4, págs. 747-774.
Kamoche, K. y Mueller, F. [1998]: «Human resource management and the apropiation learning perspective». Human Relations, vol. 51, núm. 8, págs. 1.033-1.060.
Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D. y Rosenthal, R. [1964]: Organizational Stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.
Katz, J. y Seifer, D. [1996]: «It's a different world out there: planing for expatriate success through selection, predeparture training and onsite socialization». Human Resource Planing, vol. 19, núm. 2, págs. 32-47.
Kilduff, M. [1992]: «Performance and interaction routines in multinational corporations». Journal of International Business Studies, First Quarter, págs. 133-145.
King, A., Fowler, S. y Zeithaml, C. [2001]: «Managing organizational competencies for competitive advantage: the middlemanagement edge». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 15, núm. 2, págs. 95-106.
Kling, N., Alexander, J., McCorkle, D. y Martínez, R. [1999]: «Preparing for careers in global business: strategies for U.S. female students». American Business Review, June, págs. 34-42.
Kostova, T. [1999]: «Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: a contextual perspective». Academy of Management Review, vol. 24, núm. 2, págs. 308-324.
Kraimer, M., Wayne, S. y Jaworski, R. [2001]: «Sources of support and expatriate performance: the mediating role of expatriate adjustment». Personnel Psychologie, vol. 54, núm. 1, págs. 71-99.
Kühlmann, T. [2001]: «The German approach to developing global leaders via expatriation». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations. Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 57-73.
Lado, A. y Wilson, M. [1994]: «Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: A competency based perspective». Academy of Management Review, vol. 19, núm. 4, págs. 699-727.
Lam, S. y Schaubroeck, J. [1998]: «Integrating HR planning and organisational strategy». Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 8, núm. 3, págs. 51-91.
Ledwith, S. y Seymour, D. [2001]: «Home and away: preparing students for multicultural management». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, núm. 8, págs. 1.292-1.312.
— [2001]: «The challenge of expatriate compensation: the sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among expatriates». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, núm. 3, págs. 389-404.
Lepak, D. y Snell, S. [1999]: «The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development». Academy of Management Review, 24, núm. 1, págs. 31-48.
Linehan, M. y Walsh, J.S. [1999]: «Recruiting and developing female managers for international assignments». The Journal of Management Development, vol. 18, núm. 6, págs. 521-530.
Louis, M.R. [1980]: «Career transitions: Varieties and commonalities». Academy of Management Review, vol. 5, núm. 3, págs. 329-340.
— [1980]: «Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings». Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 25, June, págs. 226-251.
Mamman, A. [1994]: «Expatriates' intercultural effectiveness by chance of birth». En Selmer, J., Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business. Quorum Books, págs. 137-155.
Manev, I. y Stevenson, W. [2001]: «Nationality, cultural distance, and expatriate status: effects on the managerial network in a multinational enterprise». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, núm. 2, págs. 285-303.
Marmer, C. [1999]: «Overseas employees: Expatriots or local labor?». World Trade, June, págs. 56-58.
Martin, G. y Beaumont, P. [1999]: «Coordination and control of human resource management in multinational firms: the case of CSHCO». International Journal of Resource Management, vol. 10, núm. 1, págs. 21-42.
— [2001]: «Transforming multinational enterprises: towards a process model of strategic human resource management change». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, núm. 8, December, págs. 1.234-1.250.
Martínez, J. y Jarillo, J.C. [1989]: «The evolution of research on coordination mechanisms in multinational corporations». Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, págs. 489-513.
Maznevski, M. y Zander, L. [2001]: «Leading global teams: overcoming challehge of the power paradox». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 157-175.
McEvoy, G. y Parker, B. [1995]: «Expatriate adjustment: causes and consequences». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business. Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 97-114.
McDougall, P. y Oviatt, B. [2000]: «International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, núm. 5, págs. 902-906.
Mendenhall, M., Kühlmann, T. y Stahl, G. (Ed.) [2001]: Developing global business leaders: policies, processes, and innovations. Westport: Quorum Books.
Mendenhall, M. y Oddou, G. [1985]: «The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review». Academy of Management Review, vol. 10, núm. 1, págs. 39-47.
Mendenhall, M. y Stahl, G. [2000]: «Expatriate training and development: where do we go from here?» Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núms. 2 y 3, págs. 251-265.
Mendenhall, M.E. y Wiley, C. [1994]: «Strangers in a strange land». American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 37, núm. 5, págs. 605-620.
Miller, E.L. y Julian Cattaneo, R. [1982]: «Some leadership attitudes of West German expatriate managerial personnel». Journal of International Business Studies, Spring/Summer, págs. 39-50.
Moosmüller A., Spieß, E. y Podsiadlowski, A. [2001]: «International team building: issues in training multinational work groups». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 211-225
Morrison, A. [2000]: «Developing a global leadership model». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núms. 2/3, págs. 117-131.
Napier, N. y Peterson, R. [1991]: «Expatriate reentry: what do repatriates have to say?». Human Resource Planning, vol. 14, núm. 1, págs. 19-29.
Naumann, E. [1992]: «A conceptual model of expatriate turnover». Journal of International Business Studies, Third Quarter, págs. 499-531.
Naumann, E., Widmier, S.M. y Jackson Jr., D.W. [2000]: «Examining the relationship between work attitudes and propensity to leave among expatriate salespeople». Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, vol. 20, núm. 4, págs. 227-241.
Newman, J., Bhatt, B. y Gutteridge, T. [1978]: «Determinants of expatriate effectiveness: A theoretical and empirical vacuum». Academy of Management Review, July, págs. 655-661.
Nicholson, N. [1984]: «A theory of work role transitions». Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 29, June, págs. 172-191.
Nicholson, N. y West, M. [1988]: «Managerial job change: Man and woman in transition». Cambridge University Press.
Nonaka, I. [1991]: «Knowledge Creating Company». Harvard Business Review, November-December, págs. 96-104.
Novicevic, M. y Harvey M. [2001]: «The changing role of the corporate HR function in global organizations of the twenty-first Century». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, núm. 8, págs. 1.251-1.268.
Oberg, K. [1960]: «Culture Shock: Adjustment to a new cultural environment», Practical Anthropology, núm. 1, págs. 72-78.
O'Dell, C. y Grayson, C. [1998]: «If only we knew what we know: identification and transfer of internal best practices». California Management Review, vol. 40, núm. 3, págs. 154-174.
Oddou, G. [1991]: «Managing your expatriates: what the successful firms do». Human Resource Planning, vol. 14, núm. 4, págs. 301-308.
Oddou, G., Derr, C. y Black, J. [1995]: «Internationalizing managers: expatriation and other strategies». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books; págs. 3-16.
Oddou, G., Gregersen, H., Black, J. y Derr, C. [2001]: «Building global leaders: Strategy similarities and differences among European, US and Japanese Multinationals». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 99-119.
Ones, D. y Viswevaran, C. [1999]: «Relative Importance of Personality dimensions for expatriate selection: a policy capturing study». Human Performance, vol. 12, núms. 3/4, págs. 275-294.
Oslan, J. [2000]: «The journey inward: expatriate hero tales and paradoxes». Human Resource Management, vol. 39, núms. 2/3, págs. 227-238.
– [2001]: «The quest for transformation: the process of global leadership devolepment». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 157-175.
Osman Gani, A. [2000]: «Developing expatriates for the Asia Pacific Region: a comparative analysis of multinational enterprise managers from five countries across three continents». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 11, núm. 3, págs. 213-235.
Oviatt, B. y McDougall, P. [1995]: «Global startups: entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 9, núm. 2, págs. 30-43.
Perlmutter, H. [1969]: «Some management problems in spaceship earth. The mega firm and the global industrial state». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 12, págs. 59-94.
Pfeffer, J. [1998]: «Seven practices of successful organizations». California Management Review, vol. 40, núm. 2, págs. 96-124.
Pinder, C. y Schroeder, K. [1987]: «Time to proficiency following job transfers». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 30, núm. 2, págs. 336-354.
Porter, M. [1990]: «The competitive advantage of nations». Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, págs. 73-84.
— [1991]: «Towards a dynamic theory of strategy». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12, págs. 95-117.
Porter G. y Tansky, J. [1996]: «Learning orientation of employees: moving toward organization based assessment». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol.7, núm. 2, págs. 165-178.
— [1999]. «Expatriate Success may depend on a "learning orientation": considerations for selection and training». Human Resource Management, vol 38, núm. 1, págs. 47-60.
Prud'homme van Reine, P. y Trompenaars, F. [2000]: «Invited reaction: developing expatriates for the Asia Pacific Region». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 11. núm. 3, págs. 237-243.
Pucik, V. y Saba, T. [1998]: «Selecting and developing the global versus the expatriate manager: a review of the state-of-the-art». Human Resource Planning, vol. 21, núm. 4, págs. 40-54.
Quintanilla, J. [2001]: Dirección de recursos humanos en empresas multinacionales. Financial Times-Prentice Hall.
Quintanilla, J. y Bonache, J. [2002]: «El sistema de recursos humanos en las multinacionales». En Bonache, J. y Cabrera, Á. (Dirs.): Dirección estratégica de personas. Prentice Hall-Financial Times, págs. 349-377.
Ragins, B., Cotton, J. y Miller, J. [2000]: «Marginal mentoring: the effects of type of mentor, quality of relationship, and program design on work and career attitudes». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 43, núm. 6, págs. 1.177-1.194.
Ratiu, I. [1983]: «Thinking Internationally: A Comparison of How International Executives Learn». International Studies of Management & Organization, vol. 13, núm. 1, pág. 139.
Reynolds, C. [1997]: «Strategic employment of third country nationals». Human Resource Planning, vol. 20, núm. 1, págs. 33-39.
Rizzo, J., House, R.J. y Lirtzman, S.I. [1970]: «Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations». Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 15, págs. 150-163.
Rosenzweig, P. y Nohria, N. [1994]: «Influences on human resource management practices in multinational corporations». Journal of International Business Studies, Second Quarter, págs. 229-251.
Rowley, C. y Bae, J. [2002]: «Globalization and transformation of human resource management in South Korea». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 13, núm. 3, págs. 522-549.
Sánchez, J., Spector, P. y Cooper, C. [2000]: «Adapting to a boundaryless world: a developmental expatriate model». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 14, núm. 2, págs. 96-105.
Sanz Valle, R. y Sabater, R. [1999]: «Enfoque universalista de recursos humanos. Estudio empírico de sus efectos sobre los resultados de la empresa». Paper en IX Congreso de ACEDE, Burgos, Septiembre.
Schein, E.H. [1978]: Career dynamics: matching individual and organizational needs. Reading, M.A.: Addison Eisley.
Schermerhorn Jr, J.R. [1999]: «Learning by going? The management educator as expatriate». Journal of Management Inquiry, vol. 8, núm. 3, págs. 246-256.
Schneer, J. y Reitman, F. [1993]: «Effects of alternate family structures on managerial career paths». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 38, núm. 4, págs. 830-843.
Selmer, J. [1995]: Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business Quorum Books.
— [1995]: «Expatriate executive succession». En Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, págs. 73-93.
— [1998]: «The expatriate manager in China: a research note». Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 8, núm. 1, págs. 80-86.
— [1998]: «Expatriation: corporate policy, personal intentions and international adjustment». The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 9, núm. 6, págs. 996-1007.
— [1999]: «Adjustment to Hong Kong: US vs European expatriates». Human Resource Management Journal, 9, núm. 3, págs. 83-93.
— [2000]: «A quantitative needs assessment technique for crosscultural work adjustment training». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 11, núm. 3, págs. 269-281.
— [2001]: «Expatriate selection: back to basics?». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 12, núm. 8, págs. 1.219-1.233.
— [2002]: «International Adjustment of Business Expatriates: The impact of age, gender and marital status». BRC Papers on CrossCultural Management.
Selmer, J. y De Leon, C. [1993]: «Organizational acculturation in foreign subsidiaries in Singapore». International Journal Of Management, vol. 10, núm. 3, págs. 361-366.
Selmer, J. y Leung, A. [2002]: «How are you doing, honey?». Adjustment of Female Expatriates in Hong Kong. BRC Papers on CrossCultural Management.
Shaffer M., Harrison, D. y Gilley, K. [1999]: «Dimensions, determinants and differences in the expatriate adjustment process». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 30, núm. 3, págs. 557-581.
Sheridan, J.E., Slocum, J.W., Buda, R. y Thompson, R. [1990]: «Effects of corporate sponsorship amd departamental power on career tournaments». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 33, págs. 578-602.
Solomon, C. [1999]: «Overseas employees: expatriots or local labor?». World Trade, vol. 12, núms. 6, págs. 56-58.
Stahl, G. [2001]: «Using assessment centers as tools for global leadership development: an exploratory study». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 197-211.
Stroh, L. y Caligiuri, P. [1998]: «Increasing global competitiveness through effective people management». Journal of World Business, vol. 33, núm. 1, págs. 116.
Stumpf, S. y Zeutschel, U. [2001]: «Synergy Effects in Multinational work groups: what we know and what we don't know». En Mendenhall, Kühlmann y Stahl (Ed.), Developing global business leaders: policies, processes and innovations, Westport: Quorum Books, págs. 175-197.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S. y Russell, J.E.A. [2002]: «Antecedents and consequence of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA». International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 13, núm. 8, December, págs. 1.224-1.244.
Tansky, J.W. y Cohen, D.J. [2001]: «The relationship between organizational support, employee development and organizational Commitment: an empirical study». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 12, núm. 3, págs. 285-300.
Teagarden, M. y Gordon, G. [1994]: «Corporate Selection Strategies and Expatriate Manager Success». En Selmer, J., Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, págs. 17-37.
ThalerCarter, R. [2000]: «Whither global leaders?». HR Magazine, May, págs. 83-88.
Torbiörn, I. [1982]: Living abroad, New York, Wiley.
— [1994]: «Operative and Strategic Use of Expatriates in New Organizations and Market Structures». International Studies of Management and Organization, vol. 24, núm. 3, págs. 5-17.
— [1995]: «New markets, new firms new expatriates?». En Selmer, J., Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business Quorum Books, págs. 277-291.
— [1997]: «Staffing for International operations». Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 7, núm. 3, págs. 42-52.
Tung, R. [1981]: «Selecting and training of personnel for overseas assignments». Columbia Journal of World Business, vol. 16, núm. 1, págs. 68-78.
— [1982]: «Selection and Training Procedures for US European, and Japanese Multinationals». California Management Review, vol. 25, núm. 1, págs. 51-71.
— [1984]: «Human Resource Planning: A Model for US Multinationals?». Journal of International Business Studies, págs. 139-149.
— [1998a]: «A contingency framework of selection and training of expatriates revissited». Human Resource Management Review, vol. 8, núm. 1, págs. 23-38.
— [1998b]: «Career Issues in International Assignments». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 2, núm. 3, págs. 241-244.
Vance, C. y Paik, Y. [1995]: «Host country workforce training in support of the expatriate management assignment». En Selmer, J. Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business (Ed.), Quorum Books, págs. 157-171.
Varma, A.K., Stroh, L. y B. Schmitt, L. [2001]: «Women and international assignments: The impact of supervisor subordinate relationships». Journal of World Business, vol. 36, núm. 4, págs. 380-388.
Veale, D., Oliver, L. y Van Langen, K. [1995]: «Three Coca Cola perspectives on international management styles». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 9, núm. 3, págs. 74-77.
Wernerfelt, B. [1984]: «A resource based view of the firm». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 5, págs. 171-180.
— [1995]: «The resource based view of the firm: Ten years after». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 16, págs. 171-174.
Werther, W., Watchel, J. y Veale, D. [1995]: «Global Deployment of executive talent». Human Resource Planning, vol. 18, núm. 1, págs. 21-29.
Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. y Han, J.C.Y. [2000]: International business. Prentice Hall.
Yan, A., Zhu, G. y Hall, D.T. [2002]: «International Assignments for Career Building: A Model of Agency Relationships and Psychological Contracts». Academy of Management Review, vol. 27, núm. 3, págs. 373-391.
Yiu, L. y Saner, R. [2000]: «Determining the impact of cognitive styles on the effectivenee of global managers: propositions for further research». Human Resource Development Quarterly, vol. 11, núm. 3, págs. 319-324.
Yurkiewicz, J. y Rosen, B. [1995]: «Increasing receptivity to expatriate assignments». En Selmer, J. Expatriate Management: New ideas for International Business (Ed.) Quorum Books, págs. 37-56.
Zahra, S. [1999]: «The changing rules of global competitiveness in the 21st Century». Academy of Management Executive, February 13, núm. 1, págs. 36-2.
