Innovación, empleabilidad y liderazgo transaccional: ¿cómo afectan al rendimiento? Un análisis teórico y empírico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51302/rtss.2010.5243Palabras clave:
aprendizaje, innovación, empleabilidad, liderazgo transaccional, rendimientoResumen
Este trabajo ha obtenido el Accésit Premio Estudios Financieros 2010 en la modalidad de recursos humanos.
Tradicionalmente la investigación ha considerado la innovación en una empresa como una consecuencia de las características individuales de los trabajadores y de las prácticas organizativas. Así, por ejemplo, la literatura ha puesto considerable énfasis en la influencia que las características personales de los gerentes y de los empleados pueden ejercer en la capacidad innovadora de una empresa. Este trabajo pretende abordar el tema desde un ángulo diferente: mientras que los investigadores han aprendido mucho acerca de los efectos que las características de los gerentes y de los trabajadores tienen en la capacidad innovadora de una empresa, es relativamente poco el conocimiento que se tiene sobre el papel de la innovación como un factor que afecta a las características de los gerentes y de los empleados. Ciñéndonos a esta nueva perspectiva, este trabajo sugiere que un clima innovador en una organización tiene un efecto positivo sobre una característica específica del empleado (la empleabilidad) y sobre una característica específica de los gerentes (el estilo de liderazgo transaccional). Estas relaciones, que hasta ahora no han sido investigadas, han sido justificadas teóricamente y evaluadas empíricamente, junto con la bien documentada relación entre el estilo de liderazgo transaccional y el desempeño individual del trabajador. Nuestras hipótesis fueron analizadas empíricamente a través de una muestra de 795 profesores de 75 departamentos universitarios de Costa Rica, usando una metodología de ecuaciones estructurales.
Agencias de apoyo
Los autores quisieran agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación la financiación aportada para la realización de esta investigación (proyecto ECO2008-03178)
Descargas
Citas
Alegre, J. y Chiva, R. [2008]: «Assessing the impact of organizational learning capability on product innovation performance: An empirical test», Technovation, 28(6) 315-326.
Allvin, M. [2004]: «The individualization of labour», In Garsten, C. and Jacobsson, K. (eds.) Learning to be employable: New agendas on work, responsibility, and learning in a globalizing world. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 23-41.
Anderson, J.C. y Gerbing, D.W. [1988]: «Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach», Psychological Bulletin, 103(3) 411-423.
Appleyard, M. [1996]: «How does knowledge flow? Interfirm patterns in the semiconductor industry», Strategic Management Journal, 17(1) 137-154.
Argyris, C. y Schon, D.A. [1978]: Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Armeli, S., Eisenberger, R. y Fasolo, P. et al. [1998]: «Perceived organizational support and police performance: the moderating influence of socio-emotional needs», Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2) 287-297.
Arocena, P., Núñez, I. y Villanueva, M. [2007]: «The Effect of Enhancing Workers’ Employability on Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Spain», Small Business Economics, 29(1) 191-201.
Atwater, L.E, y Yammarino, F.J. [1993]: «Personal attributes as predictors of superiors'and subordinates' perceptions of military academy leadership», Human Relations, 46(5) 645-669.
Bapuji, H. y Crossan, M. [2004]: «From questions to answers: Reviewing organizational learning research», Management Learning, 35(4) 397-417.
Bass, B.M. [1998]: Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
– [1990]: Bass and Stogdill’s handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. y Avolio, B.J. [1997]: Full-range leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Benson, G.S. [2006]: «Employee development, commitment and intention to turnover: A test of employability policies in action», Human Resource Management Journal, 16(2) 173-192.
Berson, Y., Nemanich, L.A. y Waldman, L., et al. [2006]: «Leadership and organizational learning: A multiple levels perspective», Leadership Quarterly, 17(6) 577-594.
Bhatnagar, J. [2007]: «Predictors of organizational commitment in India: strategic HR roles, organizational learning capability and psychological empowerment», The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18/10, 1.782-1.795.
Blau, P.M. [1964]: Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Bontis, N., Crossan, M. y Hulland, J. [2002]: «Managing an organizational learning system by aligning stocks and flows», Journal of Management Studies, 39(4) 437-470.
Brass, D.J. y Oldham, G.R. [1976]: «Validating an in-basket test using an alternative set of leadership scoring dimensions», Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(5) 652-657.
Burns, J.M. [1978]: Leadership. New York: Harper Row.
Calantone, R.J., Cavusgil, S. y Zhao, Y. [2002]: «Learning Orientation, Firm Innovation Capability, and Firm Performance», Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6) 515-524.
Chiva, R. y Alegre, J. [2008]: «Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: the role of organizational learning capability», Personnel Review, 37(6) 680-698.
Chiva, R., Alegre, J. y Lapiedra, R. [2007]: «Measuring organisational learning capability among the workforce», International Journal of Manpower, 28(3/4) 224-240.
Cyert, RM y March, J.D. [1963]: A behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
D'Amato, A. y Herzfeldt, R. [2008]: «Learning orientation, organizational commitment and talent retention across generations: A study of European managers», Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8) 929-940.
Dibella, A., Nevis, E. y Gould, J. [1996]: «Organizational learning style as a core capability». In Moingeon and Edmondson» (eds.), Organizational learning and competitive advantage, págs. 38-55. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage.
Downton, J.V. [1973]: Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in the revolutionary process. New York, NY, US: Free Press. X, 306 págs.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch P.D. y Rhoades, L. [2001]: «Reciprocation of perceived organizational support», Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, págs. 42-51.
Eisenberger, R, Fasolo, P. y Davis-LaMastro, V. [1990]: «Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation», Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, págs. 51-59.
Eisenberger, R, Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. y Sowa, D. [1986]: «Perceived organizational support», Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, págs. 500-507.
Evans, M. [1970]: «The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5, págs. 277-298.
European Commission [1997]: Proposal for guidelines for member states employment policies 1998. Luxembourg: Author.
Forrier, A. y Sels, L. [2003]: «Temporary employment and employability», Work, Employment and Society, 17(4) 641-666.
Fugate, M, Kinicki, A.J. y Ashforth, B.E. [2004]: «Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications», Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65/1, págs. 14-38.
Fulk, J. y Wendler, E.R. [1982]: «Dimensionality of leader-subordinate interactions: A path-goal investigation», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, págs. 241-264.
Garvin, D. [1993]: «Building a learning organization», Harvard Business Review, 74/4, págs. 78-91.
Gatignon, H., Tushman, M.L., Smith, W. y Anderson, P. [2002]: «A structural approach to assessing innovation: Construct development of innovation locus, type, and characteristics», Management Science, 48/9, págs. 1.103-1.122.
Goh, S. [1998]: «Towards a learning organization: the strategic building blocks», Advanced Management Journal, 63(2) 15-22.
Goh, S. y Richards, G. [1997]: «Benchmarking the Learning Capability of Organisations», European Management Journal, 15(5) 575-583.
Goh, S.C. y Ryan, J.P. [2008]: «The organizational performance of learning companies: A longitudinal and competitor analysis using market and accounting financial data»,The Learning Organization, 15(3) 225-240.
Goleman, D. [2001]: «An EI-based theory of performance». In Cherniss, C. and Goleman, D. (eds.) The emotionally intelligent workplace, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 27-44.
Hall, D.T. [2004]: «The protean career: A quarter-century journey», Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1)1-13.
Hedberg, B. [1981]: «How organizations learn and unlearn». In Nystrom, P.C. and Starbuck, W.H. (eds.), Handbook of organizational design, New York: Oxford University Press, 3-27.
Herold, D. [1977]: «Two-way influence processes in leader-follower dyads», Academy of Management Journal, 20, 224-237.
Hillage, J. y Pollard, E. [1998]: Employability: developing a framework for policy analysis. Department for Education and Employment, London.
Holt, D.T., Rutherford, M.W. y Clohessy, G.R. [2007]: «Corporate entrepreneurship: an empirical look at individual characteristics, context, and process», Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13/4, págs. 40-54.
House, R.J. y Mitchell, T.R. [1974]: «Path-goal theory of leadership», Journal of Contemporary Business, 3, págs. 81-97.
House, R.J. [1971]: «A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness», Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, págs. 321-339.
Hutchison, S. [1997]: «A path model of perceived organizational support». Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(1) 159-174.
James, L., James, L. y Ashe, D. [1990]: «The meaning of organizations: The role of cognition and values». In Schneider, B. (ed.) Organizational climate and culture, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 40-84.
Jerez-Gómez, P.J., Céspedes-Lorente, J. y Valle-Cabrera, R. [2004]: «Training practices and organisational learning capability: Relationship and implications», Journal of European Industrial Training, 28/2-4, págs. 234-250.
– [2005]: «Organizational learning capability: a proposal of measurement», Journal of Business Research, 58/6, págs. 715-730.
Judge, T.A. y Piccolo, R.F. [2004]: «Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative weights», Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5) 750-768.
Lam, L. y Kirby, S. [2002]: «Is emotional intelligence an advantage? An exploration of the impact of emotional and general intelligence on individual performance», The Journal of Social Psychology, 142/1, págs. 133-143.
Liedtka, J.M., Haskins, M.E., . Rosenblum, J.W. y Weber, J. [1997]: «The generative cycle: linking knowledge and relationships», Sloan Management Review, Fall, págs. 47-58.
Lei, D., Slocum, J. y Pitts, W [1999]: «Designing organizations for competitive advantage: the power of unlearning and learning», Organizational Dynamics, 27(3) 24-38.
Leonard-Barton, D. [1992]: Wellsprings of knowledge: building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Loehlin, J.C. [1992]: Latent variable models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lowe, K.B., Kroeck, K.G. y Sivasubramaniam, N. [1996]: «Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature». Leadership Quarterly, 7(3) 385-425.
Masoulas, V [1998]: «Organizational requirements definition for intellectual capital management», International Journal of Technology Management, 16(1-3) 126-43.
Mathieu, J.E. y Farr, J. [1991]: «Further evidence for the discriminant validity of measures of organizational commitment, job involvement, and job satisfaction», Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1) 127-140.
McGill, M.E. y Slocum, J.W. [1993]: «Unlearning the organization». Organizational Dynamics, 22(2) 67-79.
McGill, M.E., Slocum, J.W. y Lei, D. [1992]: «Management practices in learning organizations», Organizational Dynamics, 21, págs. 5-17.
Mikkelsen, A., Ogaard, T. y Lovrich, N. [2000]: «Modeling the effects of organizational setting and individual coping style on employees subjective health, job satisfaction and commitment», Public Administration Quarterly, 24/3, págs. 371-385.
Miller, D. [1996]: «A preliminary typology of organizational learning: Synthesizing the literature», Journal of Management, 22/3, págs. 485-506.
Nahapiet, L. y Ghoshal, S. [1998]: «Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage». Academy of Management Review, 23, págs. 242-266.
Nahavandi, A. y Malekzadeh, A.R. [1993]: «Leader style in strategy and organizational performance: An integrative framework», Journal of Management Studies, 30(3), págs. 405-425.
Nevis, E.C., Dibella, J., y Gould, J.M. [1995]: «Understanding organizations as learning systems», Sloan Management Review, 36(winter) 73-85.
Nonaka, I. y Takeuchi, H. [1995]: The knowledge-creating company: how japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Podsakov, P.M. [1982]: «Determinants of a supervisor’s use of rewards and punishments: A literature review and suggestions for further research». Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 29(2) 58-83.
Podsakoff, P.M., Bommer, W.H. y Podsakoff, N.P. et al. [2006]: «Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and subordinate attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors: A meta-analytic review of existing and new research», Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99 (2) 113-142.
Podsakoff, P.W., Todor, R. y Grover, J. et al. [1984]: «Situational moderators of leader reward and punishment behaviors: Fact of fiction?», Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34(1) 21-63.
Popper, M. y Lipshitz, R. [2000]: «Organizational learning», Management Learning, 31(2) 181-195.
Prieto, I.M. y Revilla, E. [2006]: «Assessing the impact of learning capability on business performance: empirical evidence from Spain», Management Learning, 37(4) 499-510.
Rothwell, A y Arnold, J. [2007]: «Self-perceived employability: development and validation of a scale». Personnel Review, 36(1) 23-40.
Rowden, R.W. y Conine, C.T. Jr [2005]: «The impact of workplace learning on job satisfaction in small US commercial banks», Journal of Workplace Learning, 17(3/4) 215-230.
Schneider, B. [1975]: «Organizational climates: an essay», Personnel Psychology, 28(4) 447-479.
Scott, S.G. y Bruce, R.A. [1994]: «Determinants of innovative behaviour: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace», Academy of Management Journal, 37(3) 580-607.
Senge, P. [1990]: The Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday Plub.
Sergiovanni, T.J. [1990]: «Adding Value to Leadership Gets Extraordinary Results», Educational Leadership, vol. 47 n.º 8 pág. 23-27.
Shipton, H., West, M.A., Patterson, M. y Birdi, A. [2006]: «Human Resource Management as a Predictor of Innovation». Human Resource Management Journal, 16 (1) 3-27.
Shore, T.H., Bommer, W.H., y Shore, L.M. [2008]: «An integrative model of managerial perceptions of employee commitment: antecedents and influences on employee treatment». Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(3) 635-655.
Sinkula, J.M. [1994]: «Market information processing and organizational learning». Journal of Marketing, 58(1) 35-45.
Slater, S.F. y Narver, J.C. [1995]: «Market Orientation and the Learning Organization». Journal of Marketing, 59 (july) 63-74.
Slocum, J.W., McGill, M. y Lei, D.T. [1994]: «The new learning strategy: anytime, anything, anywhere», Organizational Dynamics, 23(2) 33-47.
Spector, P.E. [1997]: Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Stata, R. [1989]: Organizational Learning - The key to Management Innovation. Sloan Management Review, 30(3) 55-60.
Sternberg, R.J. [1996]: Successful intelligence: how practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Stewart, T.A. [1997]: Intellectual Capital. The New Wealth of Organizations. New York: Currency Doubleday.
Szilagyi, A.D. [1980]: «Causal inferences between leader reward behavior and subordinate performance, absenteeism, and work satisfaction», Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(2) 195-203.
Teece, D.J., Pisano, G. y Amy, S. [1997]: «Dynamic capabilities and strategic management», Strategic Management Journal, 18(7) 509-534.
Ulrich, D., Von Glinow, M.A. y Jick, T. [1993]: «High-impact learning: building and diffusing learning capability», Organizacional Dynamics, 22(2) 52-66.
Van der Heijde, C.M. y Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M. [2006]: «A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability», Human Resource Management, 45(3) 449-476.
Villanueva, M. [2005]: «The Effect of Employability on Worker Performance», Management Research 3/3, págs. 239-250.
Walsh, J.P. y Ungson, G.R. [1991]: «Organizational memory», Academy of Management Review, 16(1) 57-91.
Waterman, R.H. Jr, Waterman, J.D. y Collard, B.A. [1994]: «Toward a career-resilient workforce», Harvard Business Review, 72(4) 87-95.
Waldman, D.A., Bass, B.M. y Einstein, W.O. [1987]: «Leadership and outcomes of performance appraisal processes», Journal of Occupational Psychology. Vol. 60(3), 177-186.
Walumbwa, F.O., Wu, C. y Orwa, B. [2008]: «Contingent reward transactional leadership, work attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: The role of procedural justice climate perceptions and strength», The Leadership Quarterly 19, págs. 251-265.
Zahay, D.L. y Handfield, R.B. [2004]: «The role of learning and technical capabilities in predicting adoption of B2B technologies», Industrial Marketing Management, 33(7) 627- 641.
Zander, U. y Kogut, B. [1995]: «Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: an empirical test», Organization Science, 6(1) 76-92.
